Типы компьютеров на английском
Computer is an electronic device that can receive a set of instructions called program and then carry out them. The modern world of high technology could not be possible without computers. Different types and sizes of computers find uses throughout our society. They are used for the storage and handling of data, secret governmental files, information about banking transactions and so on.
Computers have opened up a new era in manufacturing and they have enhanced modern communication systems. They are essential tools in almost every field of research, from constructing models of the universe to producing tomorrow's weather reports. Using of different databases and computer networks make available a great variety of information sources.
There are two main types of computers, analog and digital, although the term computer is often used to mean only the digital type, because this type of computer is widely used today. That is why I am going to tell you about digital computers.
Everything that a digital computer does is based on one operation: the ability to determine: on or off, high voltage or low voltage or — in the case of numbers — 0 or 1 or do-called binary code. The speed at which the computer performs this simple act is called computer speed. Computer speeds are measured in Hertz or cycles per second. A computer with a «clock speed» of 2000 MHz is a fairly representative microcomputer today. It is capable of executing 2000 million discrete operations per second. Nowadays microcomputers can perform from 800 to over 3000 million operations per second and supercomputers used in research and defense applications attain speeds of many billions of cycles per second.
Digital computer speed and calculating power are further enhanced by the amount of data handled during each cycle. Except two main types of computers, analog and digital there are eight generations of digital computers or processing units. The first generation was represented by processing unit Intel 8086.
The second generation central processing unit was represented by processing unit Intel 80286, used in IBM PC AT 286. The third generation is Intel 80386, used in IBM PC AT 386. The microprocessors of the fourth generation were used in computers IBM PC AT 486. There are also central processing units of the fifth generation, used in Intel Pentium 60 and Intel Pentium 66, central processing units of the sixth generation, used in computers Intel Pentium 75, 90,100 and 133. Few years ago appeared central processing units of seventh and eighth generations. They are much more powerful and can perform from 2000 to over 3000 million operations per second.
Компьютер — это электронное устройство, которое может получать набор инструкций, называемых программой, и затем исполнять их. Современный мир высоких технологий не был бы возможен без компьютеров- В нашем обществе находят применение компьютеры разных типов и размеров. Они используются для хранения и обработки данных секретных правительственных файлов и информации о банковских операциях и т. д.
Компьютеры открыли новую эру в производстве, они улучшили современные системы связи. Они являются важнейшими инструментами почти в каждой области исследования—от построения моделей Вселенной до создания прогноза погоды на последующие дни. Использование различных баз данных и компьютерных сетей позволяет использовать все разнообразие информационных источников.
Существует два главных типа компьютера, аналоговый и цифровой, хотя термин «компьютер» часто используется только для обозначения цифрового компьютера, так как этот тип компьютера широко используется сегодня. Именно поэтому я и собираюсь рассказать вам о цифровых вычислительных машинах.
Все, что цифровая вычислительная машина делает, основано на одном действии — способности определять: включено или выключено, высокое напряжение или низкое напряжение, или — если брать цифры, то — 0 или 1 или так называемый бинарный код. Скорость, с которой компьютер исполняет это простое действие, называется скоростью компьютера. Скорость компьютера измеряется в герцах или тактовой частотой. Компьютер с тактовой частотой 2000 mHz является довольно распространенным сегодня. Он способен выполнять два миллиарда дискретных действий в секунду. В настоящее время микрокомпьютеры могут выполнять от 800 до 3000 операций в секунду, а суперкомпьютеры, используемые в исследовательской деятельности и обороне, достигают скоростей в многие миллиарды операций в секунду.
Объем данных, обработанных в течение каждого цикла, все больше и больше увеличивает вычислительную мощность и скорость цифрового компьютера. Кроме двух типов компьютера, аналогового и цифрового, выделяются восемь поколений цифровых компьютеров. Первое поколение было представлено вычислительным устройством Intel 8086.
Второе поколение было представлено вычислительным устройством Intel 80286, использованное в компьютере IBM PC AT 286. Третье поколение — это процессор Intel 80386, который использовался в компьютере IBM PC AT 386. Микропроцессоры четвертого поколения использовались в компьютерах IBM PC AT 486. Также есть процессоры пятого поколения, используемые в компьютерах Пентиум 60 и Пентиум 66, центральные вычислительные устройства шестого поколения, которые использовались в компьютерах Пентиум 75, 90,100 и 133. Несколько лет назад появились процессоры седьмого и восьмого поколений. Они более мощные и работают со скоростями от 2000 до более 3000 операций в секунду.
The types of computers range from the Hybrid to the Analog types. The computers you come across in the daily course of your day range from laptops, palmtops and towers, to desktop computers, to name a few. But the very word “computers” reminds one of the desktop computers used in offices or homes. Different categories of computers have been devised in keeping with our varied needs.
According to the classification based on operational principle the types of computers: analog and hybrid.
The Analog computer is almost an extinct type of computer these days. It is different from a digital computer in respect that it can perform numerous mathematical operations simultaneously. It is also unique in terms of operation as it utilizes continuous variables for the purpose of mathematical computation. It utilizes mechanical, hydraulic, or electrical energy or operation.
Hybrid computers are a combination of both Analog and Digital computers. The Digital computers which work on the principle of binary digit system of “0” and “1” can give very precise results. But the problem is that they are too slow and incapable of large scale mathematical operation. In the hybrid types of computers the Digital counterparts convert the analog signals to perform Robotics and Process control. Apart from this, computers are also categorized on the basis of physical structures and the purpose of their use. Based on capacity, speed and reliability they can be divided into three categories of computers:
1. The Mainframe Computer – these are computers used by large organizations like meteorological surveys and statistical institutes for performing bulk mathematical computations. They are core computers which are used for desktop functions of over one hundred people simultaneously.
2. The Microcomputer – these are the most frequently used computers better known by the name of “personal computers”. This is type of computer meant for public use. Other than Desktop Computer the choice ranges as follows:
A desktop is a PC that is not designed for portability. The expectation with desktop systems is that you will set the computer up in a permanent location. Most desktops offer more power, storage and versatility for less cost than their portable brethren.
Laptops, also called notebooks, are portable computers that integrate the display, keyboard, a pointing device or trackball, processor, memory and hard drive all in a battery-operated package slightly larger than an average hardcover book.
Palmtops, more commonly known as Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs), are tightly integrated computers that often use flash memory instead of a hard drive for storage. These computers usually do not have keyboards but rely on touchscreen technology for user input. Palmtops are typically smaller than a paperback novel, very lightweight with a reasonable battery life. A slightly larger and heavier version on the palmtop is the handheld computer.
A tablet PC is a notebook or slate-shaped mobile computer, first introduced by Pen Computing in the early 90s with their PenGo Tablet Computer and popularized by Microsoft. Its touchscreen or graphics tablet/screen hybrid technology allows the user to operate the computer with a stylus or digital pen, or a fingertip, instead of a keyboard or mouse. The form factor offers a more mobile way to interact with a computer. Tablet PCs are often used where normal notebook are impractical or unwieldy, or do not provide the needed functionality.
A workstation is a desktop computer that has a more powerful processor, additional memory and enhanced capabilities for performing a special group of task, such as 3D Graphics or game development.
3. The Mini computer – Mini computers like the mainframe computers are used by business organization. The difference being that it can support the simultaneous working of up to 100 users and is usually maintained in business organizations for the maintenance of accounts and finances.
Yet another category of computer is the Super Computers. It is somewhat similar to mainframe computers and is used in economic forecasts and engineering designs. Today life without computers is inconceivable. Usage of different types of computers has made life both smooth and fast paced.
2. Переведите письменно текст А.
3.Выпишите из текстов английские эквиваленты следующих слов и выражений: точный, определенный, наблюдение, обзор, настольный компьютер, основная масса, базовый, исходя из, на основе, устаревший, часто, наводить на мысль, означать, натолкнуться на что-либо, одновременно, карманный компьютер, принимая во внимание, робототехника, персональный цифровой секретарь, переменная величина.
4. Определите форму и функцию инфинитива. Переведите предложение на русский язык. Tо summarize the findings of this tremendous work would require many pages.
5. Определите форму и функцию причастия. Переведите предложение на русский язык.The feasibility of this system depends on several related factors.
6. Определите форму и функцию герундия. Переведите предложение на русский язык. Trying to minimize the importance of the discovery was of no use.
7. Напишите аннотацию к тексту А, используя клишированные выражения из Приложения.
1) What is a computer? Give a definition in your own words.
2) What are the main parts of a Personal Computer? Brainstorm as many parts as you can think of.
3) What does a Personal Computer do?
4) How do humans communicate with a computer?
II. Reading
1. Now read the text and highlight the ideas not mentioned in the discussion.
A. Computers are electronic machines which can accept data in a certain form, process the data and give the results of the processing in a specified format as information.
B.Three basic steps are involved in the process. First, data is fed into the computer’s memory. Then, when the program is run, the computer performs a set of instructions and processes the data. Finally, we can see the results (the output) on the screen or in printed form.
C. Information in the form of data and programs is known as software, and the electronic and mechanical parts that make up a computer system are called hardware. A standard computer system consists of three main sections: the central processing unit (CPU), the main memory and the peripherals.
D. Perhaps the most influential component is the central processing unit. Its function is to execute program instructions and coordinate the activities of all the other units. In a way, it is the ‘brain’ of the computer. The main memory holds the instructions and data which are currently being processed by the CPU. The peripherals are the physical units attached to the computer. They include storage devices and input/output devices.
E. Storage devices (floppy, hard or optical disks) provide a permanent storage of both data and programs. Disk drives are used to handle one or more floppy disks. Input devices enable data to go into the computer’s memory. The most common input devices are the mouse and the keyboard. Output devices enable us to extract the finished product from the system. For example, the computer shows the output on the monitor or prints the results onto the paper by means of a printer.
F.On the rear panel of the computer there are several ports into which we can plug a wide range of peripherals – modems, fax machines, optical drives and scanners.
G. These are the main physical units of a computer system, generally known as the configuration.
(taken from Infotech, Remacha Esteras, p. 8)
III. Post-Reading
1. Read the text again and make a list of all unfamiliar words. Compare them with your partner. In pairs try to guess the meaning of these words.
2. Divide the text into logical parts. Think of the subtitle to each part. Highlight the topic sentence of each part.
3. a) In the text, find definitions of ‘software’, ‘hardware’, ‘the CPU’, ‘main memory’, ‘peripherals’, ‘storage devices’, ‘disc drives’, ‘input devices’, ‘output devices’.
b) Ask your partner.
- what software is;
- what hardware is;
- what constituent parts the computer includes;
- what the function of the CPU is;
- where the computer stores information;
- where the computer records results;
- what typical recording devices are;
- what input and output devices your partner knows.
c) Match the terms on the left with the definitions and explanations on the right. Compare them with the given in the context.
a) software b)peripheral devices c) monitor d) floppy disk e) hardware f) input g) port h) output i) CPU | 1. the brain of the computer. 2. physical parts that make up a computer system. 3. programs which can be used on a particular computer system. 4. the information which is presented to the computer. 5. results produced by a computer. 6. hardware equipment attached to the CPU. 7. visual display unit. 8. small device used to store information. Same as ‘diskette’. 9. any socket or channel in a computer system into which an input/output device may be connected. |
4. Read these slogans or quotations, and say what computer element they refer to. Highlight the key words.
1. a) ‘The plot thins.’
2. a) ‘As quick as possible.’
b) ‘The heart of the computer.’
3. a) ‘Displays your ideas with perfect brilliance.’
b) ‘See the difference – sharp images and a fantastic range of colours.’
4. a) ‘Watch your music.’
b) ‘10.000 songs in your pocket.’
5. a) ‘Point and click here for power.’
b) ‘Obeys every impulse as if it were an extension of your hand.’
6. a) ‘Use your fingers.’
7. a) ’15 pages every minute.’
b) ‘Quality, colour, speed.’
5. Fill in the diagram with the missing information from the text.
Technically, a computer is a handheld machine. It means it can perform a programmed list of instructions and react to new instructions that it is given. It can execute a prerecorded list of instructions (a program). It can quickly save and retrieve considerable quantities of information.
Today, however, the term is most frequently utilized to refer to the desktop computer and laptop computers which most men and women use. When speaking to a desktop model, the expression “computer” technically only applies to the computer itself — not the monitor, keyboard, and mouse. Nonetheless, it is acceptable to refer to everything together as the computer. If you would like to be technical, the box which holds the machine is called the “system.”
Hence computers can perform complex and repetitive processes quickly, precisely, and reliably. Modern computers are digital. The actual machinery (cables, transistors, and circuits) called hardware; the instructions and data are called software. A number of the significant pieces of a personal computer (or PC) include:
The central processing unit (CPU): It is part of any electronic computer system; this is the component composed of the Primary memory, control Device, and arithmetic-logic unit. It represents the physical center of the whole computer system; it’s connected to a various peripheral gear, including input/output apparatus and additional storage units. In modern computers, the CPU included on an incorporated circuit chip called a microprocessor.
Memory (fast, expensive, short-term memory) (or RAM): It is a speedy type of computer memory that temporarily stores all of the information in your PC that you want right now and shortly.
Hard drive or Mass storage device (slower, cheaper, long-term memory): It’s a hardware device that used to retain considerable quantities of information like applications and documents permanently. The primary hard disk in a PC is your C drive.
While personal computers are undoubtedly the most frequent type of machines now, there are several other kinds of computers. By way of instance, a “minicomputer” is a powerful computer that can support many users at once. A “mainframe” is a sizable, high-powered computer that can perform billions of calculations from several sources at one time. In the end, a “supercomputer” is a machine that can process billions of instructions a second and is used to compute exceptionally complex calculations.
Broadly, computers can classify based on:
(a) The data handling capabilities and the way they perform the signal processing, and
(b) Size, in terms of capacities and speed of operation.
Based on the type of input they accept, the computer is of three types:
We’ll be covering the following topics in this tutorial:
1. Analogue Computer
Everything we hear and see is changing continuously. This variable continuous stream of data is known as analogue data. Analog computer may be used in scientific and industrial applications such as to measure the electric current, frequency and resistance of the capacitor, etc..
Analogue computers directly accept the data in the measuring device without first converting it into codes and numbers.
Cases of analogue computer are temperature, pressure, telephone lines, Speedometer, immunity of capacitor, frequency of signal and voltage, etc..
Supercomputer
A supercomputer is the fastest computer on earth that could process a considerable number of information very quickly. The calculating Performance of a supercomputer quantified in FLOPS (which is floating-point operations per minute) rather than MIPS.
These computers will be massive regarding the size. A most potent supercomputer could occupy several feet to hundreds of feet. The supercomputer cost is exceptionally high, and they can range from two lakh buck to over 100 million dollars.
Supercomputers were released in the 1960s and developed by Seymour Cray together with the Atlas at the University of Manchester. The Cray made CDC 1604 that has been the first supercomputer on earth, and it replenishes vacuum tubing with transistors.
Uses of Supercomputers
Today’s supercomputers can’t just perform calculations; they process enormous amounts of information in parallel with distributing computing jobs to tens of thousands of CPUs. Supercomputers located at work in research centers, government agencies, and companies performing mathematical calculations in addition to gathering, collating, categorizing, and assessing information.
Weather Forecasting
The regional weatherman bases his predictions on information provided by supercomputers run by NOAA or the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. NOAA’s systems execute database operations, mathematical, and statistical analysis on enormous amounts of information gathered from throughout the country and around the globe. The processing capacity of supercomputers assists climatologists forecast, not merely the probability of rain on your neighborhood but the paths of hurricanes as well as the likelihood of whale strikes.
Scientific Research
Much like the weather, scientific study is contingent on the number-crunching capability of supercomputers. By way of instance, astronomers at NASA examine data flowing from satellites on the planet, ground-based radio and optical telescopes and probes exploring the solar system. Researchers in the European Organization for Nuclear Research, or CERN, discovered the Higgs-Boson particle by assessing the huge amounts of data created by the Large Hadron Collider.
Data Mining
Many supercomputers are necessary to extract data from raw information accumulated from info farms around the floor or the cloud. By way of instance, companies can analyze data gathered in their cash registers to help control stock or spot market tendencies. Life Insurance businesses use supercomputers to lessen their actuarial risks. Likewise, companies that offer health insurance reduce prices and client premiums using supercomputers to analyze the advantages of different treatment choices.
The Top Five Popular Supercomputers
• JAGUAR, Oak Ridge National Laboratory
• ROADRUNNER, Los Alamos National Laboratory
• KRAKEN, National Institute for Computational Sciences
• JUGENE, Juelich Supercomputing Centre, Germany
2. Digital Computer
The digital computer is the most widely used and used to process data with numbers using digits, usually utilizing the binary number system.
A digital computer intended to do calculations and logical operations at a high rate. It takes the raw data as digits or amounts and procedures using applications stored in its memory to make output. All modern computers such as laptops and desktops we use at office or home are digital computers.
It works on data, such as magnitudes, letters, and symbols, which expressed in binary code–i.e., with just the two digits 1 and 0. By counting, comparing, and manipulating those digits or their mixtures by a pair of instructions stored in its memory, a digital computer may perform such tasks to control industrial processes and also control the operations of machinery; examine and organize vast amounts of company data; and mimic the behaviour of dynamic systems (e.g., international climate patterns and chemical reactions) in scientific study.
Digital computer supplies accurate result but they’re slow compared to an analogue computer.
Microcomputer
Micro Computer is a little computer. Your private machines are equal to the microcomputer. Mainframe and Mini Computer is the ancestor of all microcomputers. Integrated Circuit manufacturing technology reduces the size of Mainframe and Minicomputer.
Technically, a microcomputer is a computer where the CPU (central processing unit ( the brains of the machine) comprised of a single processor, a microprocessor, input/output apparatus, and storage (memory) unit. These elements are essential to get the proper functioning of the microcomputer.
Micro-computers especially created for general usages like entertainment, education, and work purposes. Well, known Method of a ‘ Microcomputers.
A mainframe is the most powerful type of computer. It can process and store large amounts of data. It supports multiple users at the same time and can support more simultaneous processes than a PC. The central system is a large server connected to hundreds of terminals over a network. Mainframes are used for large-scale computing purposes in banks, big companies and universities.
A desktop PC has its own processing unit (or CPU), monitor and keyboard. It is used as a personal computer in the home or as a workstation for group work. Typical examples are the IBM PC and the Apple Macintosh. It's designed to be placed on your desk. Some models have a vertical case caled a tower.
A laptop (also calles a notebook PC ) is a lightweight computer that you can transport easily. It can work as fast as a desktop PC, with similar processors, memory capacity , and disk drives , but it is portable and has a smaller screen. Modern notebooks have a TFT (Thin Film Transistor) or a LCD (Liquid Crystal Diplay) screen that produces very sharp images.
Instead of a mouse, they have a touchpad built into the keyboard - a sensitive pad that you can touch to move the pointer on the screen.
They offer a lot of connectivity options: USB (Universal Serial Bus) ports for connecting peripherals, slots for memory cards, etc.
They come with battery packs, which let you use the computer when there are no electrical outlets available.
A tablet PC looks like a book, with an LCD screen on which you can write using a special digital pen. You can fold and rotate the screen 180 degrees. Your handwriting can be recognized and converted into editable text. You can also type at the detached keyboard or use voice recognition. It's mobile and versatile.
A personal digital assistant or PDA is a tiny computer which can be held in one hand. The term PDA refers to a wide variety of hand-held devices, palmptops and pocket PCs.
For input, you type at a small keyboard or use a stylus - a special pen used with a touch screen to select items, draw pictures, etc. Some models incorporate handwriting recognition, which enable a PDA to recognize characters written by hand. Some PDAs recognize spoken words by using voice recognition software.
They can be used as mobile phones or as personal organizers for storing notes, reminders and addresses. They also let you access the Internet via wireless technology, without cables.
A wearable computer runs on batteries and is worn on the user's body, e.g. on a belt, backpack or vest; it is designed for mobile or hands-free operation. Some devices are equipped with a wireless modem, a small keyboard and a screen; others are voice-activated and can access e-mail or voice mail.
Here are words from the text with transcription and translation for you to understand the text easily. Read them once more and try to remember them, because you will have to do exercises wih these words.
Здесь собраны незнакомые слова из текста с транскрипцией и переводом. Прочитайте их еще раз и попытайтесь запомнить, так как дальше последуют упражнения на проверку слов и текста.
pɜːsnl ˈdɪʤɪtl əˈsɪstənt (piː diː eɪ)
Времена группы Simple (Indefinite)
Времена группы Simple, или Indefinite - это всегда первое, с чего начинается изучение грамматики языка, и это не случайно. Именно данная группа времён позволяет рассказывать о прошедших, настоящих и будущих событиях.
Слово "simple" переводится как "простой": эти времена действительно просты, если разобраться в принципе их построения. Другое название этой группы времён - Indefinite, что переводится как "неопределённый". Неопределённость выражается в том, что действие не определено, то есть при использовании этих времен говорящий не уточняет когда именно происходит это действие.
Каждая группа времён в английском языке состоит из трёх времён: the past tense (прошедшее время), the present tense (настоящее время), the future tense (будущее время).
Рассмотрим эти времена относительно группы Simple на примере глагола
to work (работать). Заметим, что частица to показывает начальную форму глагола, она убирается при построении предложений.
Время Present Simple обозначает действие в настоящем, но не привязанное к моменту речи. Present Simple употребляется для обозначения действий, которые происходят every day (каждый день), always (всегда), usually (обычно), often (часто), sometimes (иногда), seldom (редко).
I work (Я работаю)
He (She) works
I don't work (Я не работаю)
He (She) doesn't work
Does he (she) work?
Do we work? (Мы работаем?)
Прим. Утвердительное предложение строится по простой схеме: местоимение и глагол. Обратите внимание, что в третьем лице един. числа у глагола появляется окончание s. В отрицательном предложении появляется вспомогательный глагол do (does), схема предложения становится такой: Местоим. + do (does) + not + глагол. В вопросительном предложении вспомогательный глагол уходит на первое место, и схема такова: Do (does) + местоим. + глагол ? Ответ на вопрос будет либо Yes, местоимение do (does), либо No, местоимение don't (doesn't).
Искл. Все глаголы в предложениях работают по вышеприведённой схеме, кроме глагола to be (быть). Он является исключением и имеет свою схему.
Minicomputer
A minicomputer also referred to as miniature. It’s a category of little computers which has introduced to the world from the mid-1960s. Minicomputers used by small businesses. A minicomputer is a computer that has all of the qualities of a considerable size pc, but its size is significantly smaller compared to those. A minicomputer can also be known as a mid-range pc. Minicomputers are primarily multi-users systems where more than one user can operate concurrently.
Minicomputer can encourage multi-users at one time, or you’ll be able to state that minicomputer is a multiprocessing system.
Additionally, the ability of processing of minicomputers isn’t more significant than the energy of mainframe and supercomputers.
Different Types of Minicomputers
• Touch Screen Pads
• High-End Music Plays
• Desktop Mini Computers
3. Hybrid Computer
A hybrid computer which combines the aspects of a digital computer and an analogue computer. It’s quick like an analogue computer and contains memory and precision like digital computers. It’s intended to incorporate a functioning analogue unit that’s effective for calculations, nevertheless has a readily accessible digital memory. In large businesses and companies, a hybrid computer may be employed to integrate logical operations in addition to provide efficient processing of differential equations.
For instance, a gas pump includes a chip that converts the dimensions of fuel flow to volume and cost.
A hybrid computer is used in hospitals to gauge the heartbeat of this individual.
Mainframe computer
The mainframe denotes the sort of computer which runs a whole corporation. The Mainframe computers can accommodate in large air-conditioned rooms because of its dimensions in the current world, where all of the companies, trades, and communications are real-time.
So to do all this endeavor, a highly effective computer need on the host side, which processes the directions and supplies the output in moments. According to the use of computers in the modern world, we could use classifications pc in Supercomputer, Mainframe Computer, and Mini Computer and microcomputer types. A mainframe computer is stronger than Mini and Microcomputer, but stronger than Supercomputer. A mainframe computer used at large businesses.
The main distinction between a supercomputer and a mainframe is that a supercomputer stations all its power to execute a program as quickly as possible. In contrast, a mainframe uses its capability to run many applications simultaneously. In specific ways, mainframes are more effective than supercomputers because they encourage more simultaneous applications. However, supercomputers can do one program faster than a mainframe.
Popular Mainframe computers
• IBM 1400 series.
Different kinds and sizes of computer
Since the coming of the very first computer, different kinds and sizes of machines are providing various services. Computers are often as large as inhabiting a massive building as little as a notebook or even a microcontroller in embedded or mobile systems.
Computers can be generally classified by kind or size and power as follows, although there’s considerable overlap.
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