Adm невозможно записать в файл permission denied
Permission errors are usually associated with Linux and macOS installations. In these kinds of systems, files and directories have three operation privileges available: read (r), write (w) and execute (x). A system user can perform different operations depending on their operation privileges and the groups this user belongs to. For more information about permissions, see this guide. A permission issue occurs when an application (or system user) is performing an unauthorized operation in the filesystem.
Bitnami stacks are built with security in mind. They are configured establishing the most secure permissions without compromising the application user experience. In this sense, the standard way is the following:
Cloud Images and Virtual Machines:
- Have a system user for SSH/SFTP access: bitnami
- Have a system user and group for each daemonized process. These users will have extremely limited privileges. The reason for having multiple system users is to minimize the impact if a process' security is compromised. The following are the most common processes:
- Apache: daemon
- MySQL: mysql
- PostgreSQL: postgresql
- Tomcat: tomcat
The whole stack is only writable by root. By default, only read privileges are allowed for non-root users. As an exception, each daemonized process can only write to certain data folders and temporary folders. For example: mysql can write to /opt/bitnami/mysql/data and /opt/bitnami/mysql/tmp.
- If the bitnami system user wants to edit a file, it must obtain super-user privileges. To improve user-experience, the bitnami user can have ownership (with write privileges) of certain folders (for example, WordPress htdocs folder).
Installers with root installation: Same as the previous case but without the bitnami user. All operations must be done by root.
Installers with non-root installation and Windows installers: The user that executes the installer has full ownership of the stack and all its daemonized processes.
In this how-to guide you will learn how to deal with permission errors in your application. You will learn how Bitnami configures permissions in applications, what the common issues are, and some guidelines about how to fix issues in the stack.
Ошибка bash permission denied
Допустим, вы выполняете команду:
sudo echo "nameserver 8.8.8.8" >> /etc/resolv.conf
А в результате вместо записи строчки в /etc/resolv.conf получаете ошибку:
bash: /etc/resolv.conf permission denied
В русской локализации это будет отказано в доступе bash linux. Так происходит потому что вы запускаете с правами суперпользователя утилиту echo и она честно выводит вашу строку в стандартный вывод bash с правами суперпользователя. Но bash запущен от обычного пользователя, и когда интерпретатор bash пытается записать полученную строчку в системный файл, естественно, что вы получите ошибку.
Но существует несколько способов обойти это ограничение, вы можете, например, использовать команду tee, которая записывает стандартный вывод в файл или запустить саму оболочку от имени суперпользователя. Рассмотрим сначала вариант с tee:
echo 'текст' | sudo tee -a /путь/к/файлу
echo 'nameserver 8.8.8.8' | sudo tee -a /etc/resolv.conf
Это очень простое решение, но, кроме того, вы можете запустить оболочку bash с правами суперпользователя, чтобы дать ей доступ на запись:
sudo sh -c 'echo текст >> /путь/к/файлу'
sudo bash -c 'echo текст >> /путь/к/файлу'sudo bash -c 'echo nameserver 8.8.8.8 >> /etc/resolv.conf
Еще одно решение, призванное, упростить эту команду, добавить такой код в ~/.bashrc:
Дальше для вывода строки в файл выполняйте:
sudoe 'текст' >> /путь/к/файлу
sudoe "nameserver 8.8.8.8" > /etc/resolv.conf
Теперь все будет работать, как и ожидалось, и ошибка bash отказано в доступе не появится. Еще можно поменять права на файл, а потом уже выводить в него строку. Но это очень неправильное решение. И даже не потому, что это небезопасно, а больше потому что там намного больше действий.
How to detect
Detecting permission issues is quite straightforward. It usually implies an application crashing or showing errors (either in the logs or in the standard output) such as the following:
These errors usually include the path that the process was unable to read of write.
Common issues
The following are the most common permission issues that Bitnami users face:
SFTP upload or file edit: Because of our secure permissions, a user cannot upload or edit files in all stack locations without super-user privileges.
The user modifies or changes the permissions: Either voluntarily or involuntarily, the user changes the stack’s default permissions. Because of this, the application stops working. A subset of this kind of cases is that of a manual upgrade issues.
Operation performed by the wrong system user: This mainly applies to the stacks that have command line utilities (such as Magento or ERPNext). If the user executes a command-line operation, an error may occur because the operation was executed by the wrong system user. Depending on this system user’s privileges, the stack can become unusable.
Plugin incompatibility: Some plugins require specific permissions for certain configuration files (for example wp-config.php in WordPress). These permissions can be incompatible with the ones Bitnami set by default.
Всегда использовать пользователя «git»
Все соединения длджны выполняться под пользователем «git». Если вы попытаетесь соединиться под вашим псевдонимом в propercourse, соединение не установится:
Вместо этого вы должны проверить соединение, набрав в строке:
Оцените статью:
Об авторе
Permission errors are usually associated with Linux and macOS installations. In these kinds of systems, files and directories have three operation privileges available: read (r), write (w) and execute (x). A system user can perform different operations depending on their operation privileges and the groups this user belongs to. For more information about permissions, see this guide. A permission issue occurs when an application (or system user) is performing an unauthorized operation in the filesystem.
Bitnami stacks are built with security in mind. They are configured establishing the most secure permissions without compromising the application user experience. In this sense, the standard way is the following:
Cloud Images and Virtual Machines:
- Have a system user for SSH/SFTP access: bitnami
- Have a system user and group for each daemonized process. These users will have extremely limited privileges. The reason for having multiple system users is to minimize the impact if a process' security is compromised. The following are the most common processes:
- Apache: daemon
- MySQL: mysql
- PostgreSQL: postgresql
- Tomcat: tomcat
The whole stack is only writable by root. By default, only read privileges are allowed for non-root users. As an exception, each daemonized process can only write to certain data folders and temporary folders. For example: mysql can write to /opt/bitnami/mysql/data and /opt/bitnami/mysql/tmp.
- If the bitnami system user wants to edit a file, it must obtain super-user privileges. To improve user-experience, the bitnami user can have ownership (with write privileges) of certain folders (for example, WordPress htdocs folder).
Installers with root installation: Same as the previous case but without the bitnami user. All operations must be done by root.
Installers with non-root installation and Windows installers: The user that executes the installer has full ownership of the stack and all its daemonized processes.
In this how-to guide you will learn how to deal with permission errors in your application. You will learn how Bitnami configures permissions in applications, what the common issues are, and some guidelines about how to fix issues in the stack.
How to detect
Detecting permission issues is quite straightforward. It usually implies an application crashing or showing errors (either in the logs or in the standard output) such as the following:
These errors usually include the path that the process was unable to read of write.
Убедитесь, что у вас есть ключ, который используется
Команда ssh-add должна вывести длинную строку из цифр и букв. Если ничего не будет выведено на экран, вы должны сгенерировать новый SSH-ключ и связать его с GitLab.
Замечание. В большинстве систем приватные ключи по умолчанию ( ~/.ssh/id_rsa , ~/.ssh/id_dsa и ~/.ssh/identity ) автоматически добавляются к агенту аутентификации SSH. Вы не должны запускать ssh-add path/to/key , иначе вы перезапишите имя файла при генерации ключа. Получение детализации
Вы можете также проверить, что ключ используется при попытках соединения с [email protected] :
В этом примере у нас нет ключей для использования SSH. Значение «-1» в конце строки «identity file» означает, что SSH не может найти файла для использования. Ниже, строка «Trying private key» также показывает, что файл не найден. Если бы файл был найден, значение в этих строках было бы «1», и «Offering public key» соответственно.
Troubleshooting checklist
The following checklist covers the majority of cases described above. You can find and debug most permission issues.
Are you using the proper program to edit permissions?
FTP clients such as Filezilla cannot be used to modify the permissions in your stack. Instead, you should use a SSH client. To learn more about connecting through SSH, see this guide.
You can’t upload a file via SFTP?
If you see an error like this when uploading a file:
Temporarily change the permissions of the destination folder or file, upload the files, and then restore the file or folder to its original state. To do this, follow the steps below:
Log in to the server console. Learn how to connect to the server through SSH.
Execute the command in the target folder where you want to upload the file to (replace TARGETFOLDER with the proper path):
If you want to upload a file, replace the TARGETFOLDER placeholder with the full path to the file. The following is an example:
You will see an output like this:
Take a note of this information. In this case, the file or folder has the following permissions:
- Permissions: 0775
- Owner: daemon
- Group: daemon
Change the owner of the folder or file to bitnami (remember to replace the TARGETFOLDER placeholder with the proper path):
You should now be able to upload files to the folder or replace the file. When you are finished, restore the original permissions. For the case above, the commands are as follows:
You can’t edit a file via SSH?
If you are getting an error like this when trying to edit a file inside your SSH session:
You must edit the file with superuser privileges. Execute the command in the file you want to edit (replace TARGETFILE with the proper path). In this example we will use nano as the editor:
The saved file should maintain the original privileges.
Are the permissions in your stack set properly?
If your application crashes or shows an error like the following:
It is probable that the permissions in the stack are incorrect. These situations are normally due to a manual change in the permissions of the application.
Check the command history for permission change operations:
Check the output. Examples of this kind of operation are as follows:
If you do not find anything suspicious, create a ticket in Bitnami Support following the ticket creation guidelines.
Look at the original application configuration (you can launch a new fresh cloud instance of the application). Check the writable folders and check that the permissions are correct. The following is an example of Magento’s writable folders:
In this example we can see that the ownership is incorrect. daemon should be the owner of the files.
If the files' permissions are wrong, use the chmod or chown commands to restore them to their initial state. Following the example above, do the following:
If your stack uses MySQL, check and reset the permissions of the MySQL data directory:
If your stack uses MariaDB, check and reset the permissions of the MariaDB data directory:
If your stack uses Apache, reset the permissions of the Apache directory:
Check if the application works without issues now.
Are you getting an error when uploading a file, upgrading or installing an extension using the application interface?
The applications are configured with the most secure, production-enabled permissions. This set of permissions should not affect the normal operation of your application. If the user interface allows file uploading, plugin installation or upgrades, these procedures should work without issues. If you find an error during one of these processes, do the following:
If your permissions are ok, then create a ticket in Bitnami Support following the ticket creation guidelines.
You can’t execute a command via SSH in the stack?
If you are trying to execute a command inside your stack and you get an error like this:
You may be executing the command as the wrong system user. To fix it, follow these instructions:
Load the application environment by executing the following command. Replace APPNAME with the name of your application:
NOTE: Replace the APPNAME placeholder with the identifier of the Bitnami application name, i.e. wordpress.
Common issues
The following are the most common permission issues that Bitnami users face:
SFTP upload or file edit: Because of our secure permissions, a user cannot upload or edit files in all stack locations without super-user privileges.
The user modifies or changes the permissions: Either voluntarily or involuntarily, the user changes the stack’s default permissions. Because of this, the application stops working. A subset of this kind of cases is that of a manual upgrade issues.
Operation performed by the wrong system user: This mainly applies to the stacks that have command line utilities (such as Magento or ERPNext). If the user executes a command-line operation, an error may occur because the operation was executed by the wrong system user. Depending on this system user’s privileges, the stack can become unusable.
Plugin incompatibility: Some plugins require specific permissions for certain configuration files (for example wp-config.php in WordPress). These permissions can be incompatible with the ones Bitnami set by default.
Проверьте, что вы подключились к нужному серверу
Будьте внимательны при вводе команд с клавиатуры. В некоторых случаях корпоративная сеть может привести к проблемам разрешения записи DNS.
Так как документ подготовлен в рамках курсов повышения квалификации «Правильный курс» , то и проверка подключения будет описана именно на этом примере.
Напомним, что доступ к репозиторию [email protected] организован по порту 25000, а не по стандартному для SSH порту 22. Поэтому в команде подключения вы должны явно указать номер порта.Для того, чтобы убедиться в том, что вы подключаетесь к нужному домену, введите следующую команду, добавив в строке номер порта '-p 2500' :
How to detect
Detecting permission issues is quite straightforward. It usually implies an application crashing or showing errors (either in the logs or in the standard output) such as the following:
These errors usually include the path that the process was unable to read of write.
Выводы
В этой небольшой статье мы разобрали почему возникает ошибка bash permission denied при использовании команды echo для системных файлов, а также несколько путей ее решения. Как видите, все достаточно просто. Надеюсь, эта информация была полезной для вас.
Проверка привязки публичного ключа к вашей учётной записи
Вы должны предоставить ваш публичный ключ GitLab чтобы установить защищённое соединение.
Bear with me as I am very new to Server 2008/2012.
I have built a VM network with a 2008 R2 and have downloaded the 2012/Win8 admx files. I am trying to copy them into the C:\Windows\PolicyDefinitions folder, but get a permission denied.
I have taken ownership of this folder (domain admin) and still cannot copy/overwirte the admx files. How do I give myself (admin) the ability to just copy/paste these files?
I really do not want to give permission to each file and then copy it.
Answers
NO THEY ARE NOT EVIL, if you know what you are doing: Good or bad GPOs?
And if IT bothers me - coke bottle design refreshment :))All replies
NO THEY ARE NOT EVIL, if you know what you are doing: Good or bad GPOs?
And if IT bothers me - coke bottle design refreshment :))I was initially referring to having to perform the security change one file at a time.
I was able to change permissions and all is well.
NO THEY ARE NOT EVIL, if you know what you are doing: Good or bad GPOs?
And if IT bothers me - coke bottle design refreshment :))NO THEY ARE NOT EVIL, if you know what you are doing: Good or bad GPOs?
And if IT bothers me - coke bottle design refreshment :))I'm in the same boat. I just need to place these stupid GPO files in this folder so I can configure IE11, something Microsoft removed from the domain. Now, they make it impossible to do so, this way.
Copying from an administrative command line doesn't work. Accessed denied.
Running a batch file as an administrator doesn't work. Access denied.
I'm a local admin on the PC (Windows 10 Enterprise x64), but the folder is owned by TrustedInstaller. I guess I could boot to a Linux disc (See Microsoft? Linux to fix a Windows problem. Nothing new. ) and copy the files over that way. I could also try DaRT. From what I have read, changing the owner of the PolicyDefinitions folder is not really a good idea, and I don't want to make Windows 10 stink more than it already does.
Многие новички пытаются выполнить запись определенных значений в системные файлы с помощью операторов перенаправления ввода и вывода и получают ошибку bash permission denied. Эта ошибка выводится, даже если вы использовали sudo.
Казалось бы, sudo есть, значит права суперпользователя получены и все должно работать но тут все не так просто. В этой статье мы рассмотрим почему возникает ошибка bash permission denied и как ее обойти.
Troubleshooting checklist
The following checklist covers the majority of cases described above. You can find and debug most permission issues.
Are you using the proper program to edit permissions?
FTP clients such as Filezilla cannot be used to modify the permissions in your stack. Instead, you should use a SSH client. To learn more about connecting through SSH, see this guide.
You can’t upload a file via SFTP?
If you see an error like this when uploading a file:
Temporarily change the permissions of the destination folder or file, upload the files, and then restore the file or folder to its original state. To do this, follow the steps below:
Log in to the server console. Learn how to connect to the server through SSH.
Execute the command in the target folder where you want to upload the file to (replace TARGETFOLDER with the proper path):
If you want to upload a file, replace the TARGETFOLDER placeholder with the full path to the file. The following is an example:
You will see an output like this:
Take a note of this information. In this case, the file or folder has the following permissions:
- Permissions: 0775
- Owner: daemon
- Group: daemon
Change the owner of the folder or file to bitnami (remember to replace the TARGETFOLDER placeholder with the proper path):
You should now be able to upload files to the folder or replace the file. When you are finished, restore the original permissions. For the case above, the commands are as follows:
You can’t edit a file via SSH?
If you are getting an error like this when trying to edit a file inside your SSH session:
You must edit the file with superuser privileges. Execute the command in the file you want to edit (replace TARGETFILE with the proper path). In this example we will use nano as the editor:
The saved file should maintain the original privileges.
Are the permissions in your stack set properly?
If your application crashes or shows an error like the following:
It is probable that the permissions in the stack are incorrect. These situations are normally due to a manual change in the permissions of the application.
Check the command history for permission change operations:
Check the output. Examples of this kind of operation are as follows:
If you do not find anything suspicious, create a ticket in Bitnami Support following the ticket creation guidelines.
Look at the original application configuration (you can launch a new fresh cloud instance of the application). Check the writable folders and check that the permissions are correct. The following is an example of Magento’s writable folders:
In this example we can see that the ownership is incorrect. daemon should be the owner of the files.
If the files' permissions are wrong, use the chmod or chown commands to restore them to their initial state. Following the example above, do the following:
If your stack uses MySQL, check and reset the permissions of the MySQL data directory:
If your stack uses MariaDB, check and reset the permissions of the MariaDB data directory:
If your stack uses Apache, reset the permissions of the Apache directory:
Check if the application works without issues now.
Are you getting an error when uploading a file, upgrading or installing an extension using the application interface?
The applications are configured with the most secure, production-enabled permissions. This set of permissions should not affect the normal operation of your application. If the user interface allows file uploading, plugin installation or upgrades, these procedures should work without issues. If you find an error during one of these processes, do the following:
If your permissions are ok, then create a ticket in Bitnami Support following the ticket creation guidelines.
You can’t execute a command via SSH in the stack?
If you are trying to execute a command inside your stack and you get an error like this:
You may be executing the command as the wrong system user. To fix it, follow these instructions:
Load the application environment by executing the following command. Replace APPNAME with the name of your application:
NOTE: Replace the APPNAME placeholder with the identifier of the Bitnami application name, i.e. wordpress.
Ошибка «Permission denied» (доступ запрещён) означает, что сервер отклонил ваше соединение. У этой ошибки может быть несколько причин; наиболее общие из них приведены ниже.
Можно ли использовать в Git команду sudo ?
Вы не должны использовать команду sudo с Git. Если у вас есть веская причина использовать sudo , убедитесь, что вы используете её с каждой командой (возможо, лучше использовать su чтобы получить оболочку с правами суперпользователя (администратора) в этом месте). Если вы сгенерировали SSH-ключ без sudo , а затем пытаетесь использовать команду, подобную sudo git push , вы не должны использовать те же ключи, которые сгенерировали.
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