Что такое word family
Are you struggling to help your child understand how to read? There are many things that you can do to help encourage literacy, one of which includes teaching your child word families.
Word families are the grouping of common letters into similar word lists. In short, if your child understands the word family, they’ll be able to understand a list of words with the word family in common.
This guide will not only explain the various word families in the English language but also give you tips and tricks on how to increase reading comprehension.
What are Word Families?
A word family is a group of letters that are combined to make a specific sound. For example, -ack, -am-, and -at are all word families.
The purpose of understanding a word family is the notion that if you can identify one word, you should be able to identify many others with the common word family. So, if your child can sound out “back,” then they should easily be able to sound out “smack, tack, and rack” as well.
This is also the foundation of understanding how words work together to create a rhyme. Since these words all sound the same, you can combine them to make them have the same flow and rhyme scheme.
Word families increase with difficulty as children age. The first world families that are taught are generally simple, like “at” (for “cat, bat, and sat”). As children age, they will be asked to identify more complex word families like “ain” (or “rain, refrain, and stain”).
Word families and sight words work together to help children learn how to read. All of these words are high-frequency words, which means that children will see them often. When children can identify them quickly and easily, they can become more persuasive writers.
Examples
According to Wylie and Durrell, there are 37 common word families in the English language. In actuality, there are many more than 37, but these are the highest frequency words.
Many popular nursery rhymes include these 37 word families. They are simple because each letter is pronounced the way it should be. The only time that words are not pronounced as they are spelled is in the event of two vowels being next to each other. When you encounter one of these two-vowel words (like r ai n), the rule is to pronounce the first vowel only.
Below is a list of examples for each of the 37 most popular word families.
ack | ain | ake | ale | all | ame |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
attack | brain | awake | ale | all | blame |
back | chain | bake | bale | ball | came |
black | explain | brake | dale | call | fame |
crack | gain | cake | gale | fall | flame |
hack | grain | fake | kale | gall | frame |
knack | main | flake | male | hall | game |
lack | pain | Jake | pale | install | lame |
pack | plain | lake | sale | mall | name |
quack | rain | make | scale | small | same |
rack | slain | quake | stale | squall | shame |
snack | sprain | rake | tale | stall | tame |
stack | stain | sake | whale | tall | |
tack | strain | shake | thrall | ||
whack | train | snake | wall | ||
vain | stake | ||||
take | |||||
wake |
an | ank | ap | ash | at | ate |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
an | bank | cap | ash | at | abate |
ban | blank | clap | bash | bat | ate |
bran | crank | flap | brash | brat | crate |
can | dank | gap | cash | cat | date |
clan | drank | lap | clash | chat | debate |
Dan | flank | map | crash | fat | fate |
fan | frank | nap | dash | flat | gate |
flan | Hank | rap | flash | gnat | grate |
Fran | plank | sap | gash | hat | hate |
Jan | prank | scrap | gnash | mat | Kate |
Japan | rank | slap | hash | pat | late |
man | sank | snap | lash | rat | mate |
pan | shrank | strap | mash | sat | plate |
pecan | spank | tap | rash | slat | rate |
plan | tank | trap | sash | spat | relate |
ran | thank | wrap | slash | tat | sate |
scan | yank | yap | smash | that | skate |
span | zap | splash | vat | state | |
Stan | stash | ||||
tan | thrash | ||||
than | trash | ||||
van |
aw | ay | eat | ell | est | ice |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
caw | away | beat | bell | best | dice |
claw | bay | cheat | cell | chest | ice |
draw | bray | cleat | dell | crest | mice |
flaw | clay | eat | dwell | jest | nice |
gnaw | day | feat | farewell | nest | price |
jaw | decay | greet | fell | pest | rice |
law | delay | heat | hell | quest | slice |
paw | display | meat | sell | rest | spice |
raw | flay | neat | shell | test | splice |
saw | gay | peat | smell | unrest | thrice |
slaw | gray | pleat | spell | vest | twice |
straw | hay | seat | swell | west | vice |
thaw | jay | treat | tell | zest | |
lay | wheat | well | |||
may | yell | ||||
nay | |||||
okay | |||||
pay | |||||
play | |||||
pray | |||||
quay | |||||
ray | |||||
relay | |||||
replay | |||||
say | |||||
slay | |||||
spray | |||||
stay | |||||
stray | |||||
sway | |||||
they | |||||
today | |||||
tray | |||||
way |
ick | ide | ight | ill | in | ine |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
brick | bride | bright | bill | bin | brine |
chick | decide | delight | chill | chin | decline |
click | glide | fight | dill | din | define |
flick | hide | flight | drill | fin | dine |
kick | pride | fright | fill | gin | fine |
lick | ride | height | frill | grin | line |
nick | side | knight | gill | in | mine |
pick | slide | light | grill | kin | nine |
quick | stride | might | hill | pin | pine |
Rick | tide | night | ill | shin | shine |
sick | wide | plight | Jill | skin | shrine |
slick | right | kill | sin | sine | |
stick | sight | krill | spin | spine | |
thick | slight | mill | thin | swine | |
tick | tight | pill | tin | tine | |
trick | tonight | quill | twin | twine | |
wick | shrill | win | vine | ||
sill | within | whine | |||
skill | wine | ||||
spill | |||||
still | |||||
swill | |||||
thrill | |||||
thrill | |||||
till | |||||
trill | |||||
will |
ing | ink | ip | it | ock | op |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
bring | blink | blip | admit | block | coop |
cling | brink | chip | bit | clock | droop |
fling | drink | dip | fit | cock | hoop |
king | fink | drip | flit | crock | loop |
ping | ink | flip | grit | dock | scoop |
ring | link | grip | hit | flock | snoop |
sing | mink | hip | it | frock | stoop |
sling | pink | lip | kit | hock | troop |
spring | rink | nip | knit | jock | |
sting | shrink | quip | lit | knock | |
string | sink | rip | mit | lock | |
swing | stink | ship | pit | mock | |
thing | think | sip | quit | o’clock | |
wing | wink | skip | sit | rock | |
wring | slip | skit | shock | ||
zing | snip | slit | smock | ||
strip | snit | sock | |||
tip | spit | stock | |||
trip | split | ||||
whip | twit | ||||
zip | wit |
ore | ot | uck | ug | ump | unk |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
bore | apricot | buck | bug | bump | bunk |
chore | blot | chuck | dug | clump | chunk |
core | bot | cluck | hug | dump | drunk |
fore | clot | duck | jug | grump | dunk |
gore | cot | luck | lug | hump | flunk |
lore | dot | muck | mug | jump | funk |
more | forgot | puck | plug | lump | hunk |
ore | got | pluck | pug | plump | junk |
pore | hot | stuck | rug | pump | lunk |
score | jot | struck | shrug | rump | plunk |
shore | knot | truck | smug | slump | punk |
sore | lot | tuck | snug | stump | skunk |
spore | not | yuck | thug | thump | slunk |
store | plot | tug | trump | spunk | |
swore | pot | sunk | |||
tore | rot | trunk | |||
wore | shot | ||||
yore | slot | ||||
spot | |||||
tot | |||||
trot |
Tips and Tricks for Teaching Reading
When beginning to teach your child to read, you will want to blend information from word families and sight words to help your child start identifying words.
To do this, pick a list of words that matches their age-level and start practicing those words only. When your child can identify these words in a text, it means that they are beginning to see the patterns and identify those high-frequency words in writing.
When you begin teaching word families, start with one of the easier ones first, like am. Once they can identify am, sound it out, and find words that end in am, move to a more complicated word.
Once your child understands how to form these word families into actual words, they will be able to spell and read them!
If your child struggles with some of the foundational skills associated with reading, consider adding a workbook to their daily practice. ArgoPrep has worked with educators to deliver high-quality practice that will entertain, educate, and excite your child. These workbooks are especially helpful for students who might need a little extra attention to reading comprehension, English language skills, and more.
Conclusion
My daughter loves to build things with Magnatiles. She will grab all of the tiles and construct fantastic castles, homes, and more with the simple building tools. But what happens when she builds a weak base? We all know. It can’t stand, it’s not steady, and it falls.
Learning how to read can kind of be similar to building a weak structure. Identifying something as simple as a word family seems like a mindless activity for us. Still, for kids, it’s necessary to understand the increasingly tricky skills that kids learn for reading comprehension.
Taking the time to learn word families will help them identify words more quickly and spell with more accuracy. This list of 37 high-frequency word families is a great place to start, but once your child masters it, consider researching more challenging word families to increase comprehension !
Family — • In the classical Roman period the familia rarely included the parents or the children. Its English derivative was frequently used in former times to describe all the persons of the domestic circle, parents, children, and servants. Present usage … Catholic encyclopedia
family — fam·i·ly / fam lē, fa mə / n pl lies 1: a group of individuals related by blood, marriage, or adoption 2: a group of usu. related individuals who live together under common household authority and esp. who have reciprocal duties to each other ◇… … Law dictionary
family — The meaning of word family necessarily depends on field of law in which word is used, purpose intended to be accomplished by its use, and facts and circumstances of each case. LeRoux v. Edmundson, 276 Minn. 120, 148 N.W.2d 812, 814. Most commonly … Black's law dictionary
family — The meaning of word family necessarily depends on field of law in which word is used, purpose intended to be accomplished by its use, and facts and circumstances of each case. LeRoux v. Edmundson, 276 Minn. 120, 148 N.W.2d 812, 814. Most commonly … Black's law dictionary
FAMILY — In the Bible An accurate sociological description of the family and its legalstatus in biblical times is virtually impossible because the relevant evidence is not of a strictly socio descriptive nature. SOURCES Some of the most often quoted… … Encyclopedia of Judaism
family practice — UK / US noun [uncountable] Word forms family practice : singular family practice plural family practices the work of a doctor who deals with general health problems, especially those relating to families Derived word: family practitioner noun… … English dictionary
family practice — noun medical practice that provides health care regardless of age or sex while placing emphasis on the family unit • Syn: ↑family medicine • Hypernyms: ↑medical practice * * * noun : a medical practice or specialty which provides continuing… … Useful english dictionary
Family (Masters of Horror episode) — Infobox Television episode Title = Family Series = Masters of Horror Caption = DVD cover for Family Season = 2 Episode = 2 Airdate = November 3, 2006 Production = 202 Writer = Brent Hanley Director = John Landis Guests = Meredith MonroeMatt… … Wikipedia
Word Records — Parent company Warner Music Group Founded 1951 Distributor(s) World Distribution( … Wikipedia
Word Up! — «Word Up!» Сингл Cameo из альбома Word Up! Выпущен … Википедия
А как бы сказали вы: «family is» или «family are»? В этой статье преподаватель английского языка Юлия расскажет о том, как согласовывать глаголы с подобными собирательными существительными.
My students often ask me whether they should use singular or plural verb when talking about collective nouns like «police», «government» or «family». «My family is happy» or «My family are happy»? The short answer is that both are correct — it just depends on whether you are looking at it from the British or American perspective!
First, let’s talk about what collective nouns are. Collective nouns, such as «police», «family», «audience», «team», refer to a group of people or things that are seen as whole unit.
Typically, in the English language, the verb and the noun must «agree» — that is, if you are using a singular noun, the verb should reflect that (My dog is a Labrador. She loves swimming.), and similarly, plural nouns should be used with plural verbs (Labradors are energetic dogs. They were bred in Canada.) Easy, right? In theory, yes, but when it comes to collective nouns, things get complicated.
Technically, «family» is a singular noun. However, it refers to a group of people. This is why, according to the Oxford Dictionaries Blog, In British English it’s absolutely fine to treat most collective nouns as either singular or plural — you can say «my husband’s family is very religious» or «my husband’s family are very religious. In the US, however, it’s much more common to see singular verbs with collective nouns: «Our team is working on a new project».
So how do you decide what form of a verb to use?
Remember that «police» should always be treated as a plural noun (The police have to be informed when a crime is committed.)
If you are not sure, consult a dictionary. Good dictionaries (not translator apps like Google Translate) usually have some information about the grammar of a word. For example, if you look up «police» in the Cambridge dictionary, you`ll see the word «plural noun» next to it. In the Oxford Dictionary, the word family has «treated as singular or plural» written next to it.
Be consistent in your usage! If you decided that you would like to follow the US rules and treat collective nouns as singular nouns, don’t change your mind in the middle of an essay.
Family is very important. My family are always there for me.
Family is very important. My family is always there for me.
Family are very important. My family is always there for me.
Изучаете английский язык?
Оставьте заявку и мы подберём вам подходящую программу обучения и преподавателя
Family — • In the classical Roman period the familia rarely included the parents or the children. Its English derivative was frequently used in former times to describe all the persons of the domestic circle, parents, children, and servants. Present usage … Catholic encyclopedia
family — fam·i·ly / fam lē, fa mə / n pl lies 1: a group of individuals related by blood, marriage, or adoption 2: a group of usu. related individuals who live together under common household authority and esp. who have reciprocal duties to each other ◇… … Law dictionary
family — The meaning of word family necessarily depends on field of law in which word is used, purpose intended to be accomplished by its use, and facts and circumstances of each case. LeRoux v. Edmundson, 276 Minn. 120, 148 N.W.2d 812, 814. Most commonly … Black's law dictionary
family — The meaning of word family necessarily depends on field of law in which word is used, purpose intended to be accomplished by its use, and facts and circumstances of each case. LeRoux v. Edmundson, 276 Minn. 120, 148 N.W.2d 812, 814. Most commonly … Black's law dictionary
FAMILY — In the Bible An accurate sociological description of the family and its legalstatus in biblical times is virtually impossible because the relevant evidence is not of a strictly socio descriptive nature. SOURCES Some of the most often quoted… … Encyclopedia of Judaism
family practice — UK / US noun [uncountable] Word forms family practice : singular family practice plural family practices the work of a doctor who deals with general health problems, especially those relating to families Derived word: family practitioner noun… … English dictionary
family practice — noun medical practice that provides health care regardless of age or sex while placing emphasis on the family unit • Syn: ↑family medicine • Hypernyms: ↑medical practice * * * noun : a medical practice or specialty which provides continuing… … Useful english dictionary
Family (Masters of Horror episode) — Infobox Television episode Title = Family Series = Masters of Horror Caption = DVD cover for Family Season = 2 Episode = 2 Airdate = November 3, 2006 Production = 202 Writer = Brent Hanley Director = John Landis Guests = Meredith MonroeMatt… … Wikipedia
Word Records — Parent company Warner Music Group Founded 1951 Distributor(s) World Distribution( … Wikipedia
Word Up! — «Word Up!» Сингл Cameo из альбома Word Up! Выпущен … Википедия
Advanced Options
Please note that this tool does not function correctly if your web browser zoom/magnification function is changed from 100%. We are working on fixing this problem, but in the meantime please only use this tool with default settings on your browser.
Show all words
Download a PDF file of all terms within the Word Family Framework: Download
No search terms matched.
Results
Jump to letter:
About
WORD FAMILY FRAMEWORK OF GENERAL ENGLISH
What is the Word Family Framework (WFF)? The WFF is a searchable resource for teachers and learners of English that consists of over 22,000 vocabulary items arranged according to six levels aligned to the Common European Framework of Reference.
What can the WFF be used for? The WFF can be used by institutions, teachers and learners to construct target vocabularies for individual learning, syllabus and lesson planning, materials design and exam preparation. It can be used for two different types of vocabulary selection:
'Vertical searches'
- identifying all the vocabulary items at one CEFR level
- identifying all the items at several CEFR levels
'Horizontal searches'
- identifying the CEFR level of an individual word or group of words
- identifying the CEFR levels of all the members of a word family in order to decide which items may be worth learning
- identifying unknown members of word families in order to extend a learner's vocabulary
How can the WFF be searched? The WFF can be searched in three main ways:
1 For horizontal searches to look for a particular word or item, type the term you
are looking for in the search box:
Then click the Start box:
2 For vertical searches to find all the items at one or more CEFR levels, tick () all the CEFR levels you want:
Then click the Start box:
3 To download the complete WFF, click the Download box:
How does the WFF link to the Common European Framework (CEFR)? The CEFR includes statements about the vocabulary range of a learner at each of six levels, A1 to C2:
C2
Has a good command of a very broad lexical repertoire including idiomatic expressions and colloquialisms; shows awareness of connotative levels of meaning.
C1
Has a good command of a broad lexical repertoire allowing gaps to be readily overcome with circumlocutions; little obvious searching for expressions or avoidance strategies. Good command of idiomatic expressions and colloquialisms.
B2
Has a good range of vocabulary for matters connected to his/her field and most general topics. Can vary formulation to avoid frequent repetition, but lexical gaps can still cause hesitation and circumlocutions.
B1
Has a sufficient vocabulary to express him/herself with some circumlocutions on most topics pertinent to his/her everyday life such as family, hobbies and interests, work, travel, and current events.
A2
Has sufficient vocabulary to conduct routine, everyday transactions involving familiar situations and topics.
Has sufficient vocabulary for the expression of basic communicative needs.
Has sufficient vocabulary for coping with simple survival needs.
A1
Has a basic vocabulary repertoire of isolated words and phrases related to particular concrete situations.
Source: Common European Framework of Reference for Languages: Learning, teaching, assessment, Council of Europe, Cambridge University Press, 2001, page 112
The CEFR's descriptors make quantitative statements about the learner's vocabulary repertoire at each level, but stop short of stating how large this repertoire might be at each level or which vocabulary items would be appropriate for each level. However, the CEFR invites users of the Framework to 'consider and where appropriate state:
- which lexical elements (fixed expressions and single word forms) the learner will need/be equipped/ be required to recognise and/or use;
- how they are selected and ordered.'
It is just this selection and ordering of lexical elements that the WFF offers to users.
How large is the WFF? The WFF includes more than 22,000 words and vocabulary items. It starts with a list of some 6000 of the most common and useful headwords, arranged alphabetically for easy access. Most headwords provide the starting point for a word family, which includes the cognates, derivatives and compounds which make up the family. All family members are then presented across a number of levels, so that the relative value of each item may be quickly determined. The approximate numbers of headwords and the vocabulary items generated can be seen in this table:
CEFR level
A1
A2
B1
B2
C1
C2
X
no. of new headwords
cumulative
headword total
no. of new vocabulary items
cumulative total of vocabulary items
How were the words in the WFF chosen? The vocabulary items presented in the WFF have been chosen from a survey of a large number of published sources and wordlists produced in the UK, USA, Germany, Europe and China. These lists vary in size and function, and the items in the lists were selected according to differing criteria. The research that preceded the development of the WFF therefore began by surveying these lists in detail to identify the levels of agreement between these different sources. In this way, the WFF presents a consensus of views about the level of each vocabulary item.
How does the WFF differ from dictionaries and wordlists? Traditionally, dictionaries and wordlists present lexical items in alphabetical order. The WFF, however, presents words in word families. Each family may include items that depart from strict alphabetical order. So, for example, the family value includes words such as devalue, evaluate and invaluable, which would be widely separated from value, valuable and valueless in a conventional dictionary or list. They are presented together here because it is widely believed that seeing words as members of a family rather than in isolation promotes effective vocabulary learning:
headword
A1
A2
B1
B2
C1
C2
X
value
valuation nCU
invaluable adj
What is column X and how do I use it? As can be seen here, in addition to the six levels aligned to the CEFR, the WFF includes a column X. This column includes extra members of word families which are either a) off the A1-C2 scale or b) not included in the main scale because there is insufficient data in the research data. It presents items of various kinds:
X
Family members that fall outside the common core of the most frequent English words but which may be useful to learners and which should prove relatively easy to learn because they are related to core member of the family. Items in column X typically include:
Note: Column X does not include vocabulary items that belong to any word family not already included in A1-C2.
Learners and teachers may select from column X the items which they find useful and easy to learn or teach. In this way, the WFF allows users not only to select vocabulary at a particular level (vertical searching), but also to look across levels at items within the same family (horizontal searching).
What does the WFF not include? The WFF includes a wide range of over 22,000 items of English vocabulary. It covers both British and American English, with variant spellings (honour/honor) and variant terms (lift/elevator). However, it is a framework of general English and so it does not include vocabulary items from academic, business, scientific or technical English. Neither does it include dialect or obsolete words found outside the common core of British or American English.
Can I adapt the WFF to my own context? It is recognized that the WFF may not be fully appropriate for all learners or all learning situations. For this reason, the WFF will incorporate an interactive dimension, and users are invited to discuss their views and the ways they use the WFF with the British Council and other users in the WFF discussion forum (click for access). Our intention is that this discussion will lead to the introduction of a facility which will enable users to download and adapt the WWF to their particular local contexts.
The WFF was developed for the British Council by Richard West, who would like to acknowledge the contributions made by Dr Wendy Scarlin and Mrs Judy Hermitte.
Читайте также: