Языки программирования блок схема кодированная форма вид удобочитаемый для компьютера
gram instructions is called coding. The instructions will be writ- .
ten on a form called a coding form.^The instructions we write ■
will be recorded in a machine-readable form using a keypunch, ;
key-to-tape, or key-to-disk, or entered directly into computer ;
memory through a terminal keyboard.
The computer cannot understand instructions written in just ■ v
any old way. The instructions must be written according to a set !
of rules. These rules are the foundation of a programming Ian- j
guage. A programming language must convey the logical steps ■*
of the program plan in such a way that the control unit of the \
CPU can interpret and follow the instructions. Programming j
languages have improved throughout the years, just as comput- I.
er hardware has improved. They have progressed from machine- \
151_______________________ Unit 11. Computer Programming
oriented languages that use strings of binary Is and 0s to problem-oriented languages that use common mathematical and/or English terms.
There are over 200 problem-oriented languages. The most common of them are COBOL, FORTRAN, PL/I, RPG, BASIC, PASCAL.
COBOL was the most widely used business-oriented programming language. Its name is an acronym for Common Јlisi-ncss-Oriented Zanguage. COBOL was designed to solve problems that are oriented toward data handling and input-output operations. Of course, COBOL can perform arithmetic operations as well, but its greatest flexibility is in data handling. COBOL also was designed as a self-documenting language. Self-documenting languages are those that do not require a great deal of explanation in order to be understood by someone reading the program instructions. The self-documenting aspect of COBOL is made possible by its sentencelike structure and the very generous maximum symbolic field-name length of 30 characters. With a field-name length of up to 30 characters, the name can clearly identify the field and its purpose.
FORTRAN IV
The FORTRAN IVlanguage is oriented toward solving problems of a mathematical nature. The name FORTRAN comes from the combination of the words formula translation. The version of FORTRAN IV has been designed as algebra-based programming language. Any formula or those mathematical relationships that can be expressed algebraically can easily be expressed as a FORTRAN instruction. FORTRAN is the most commonly used language for scientific applications.
PL/I stands for programming language I. It was designed as a general-purpose language incorporating features similar to COBOL for data handling instructions and features similar to FORTRAN for mathematical instructions. PL/I is much more than a combination of the good features of both COBOL and FORTRAN, as it has many capabilities that are unique. Yet, although PL/I is one of the most versatile and the most powerful of the programming languages, it is not the most commonly
Английский язык. Оыюяыквивыотерной грамотности 252
used. COBOL and FORTRAN have been available for a longer period of time than PL/I, and many more users work with those languages.
9. Просмотрите текст еще раз и ответьте на вопросы, ис
пользуя информацию текста.
1. What is the process of writing instructions called? 2. What is a code? 3. How must instructions be written? 4. What is the foundation of any programming language? 5. How was the development of programming languages progressing throughout the years? 6. What are the most common problem-oriented languages? 7. What is COBOL? 8. What functions was COBOL designed for? 9. What does FORTRAN serve for? 10. What capabilities has PL/I?
10. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих
словосочетаний:
Языки программирования; блок-схема; кодированная форма; вид, удобочитаемый для компьютера; в соответствии с набором правил; представить логические шаги программы; таким образом; совершенствовать языки программирования; машинно-ориентированные языки; проблемно-ориентированные языки; обычный термин; язык для программирования экономических задач; обработка информации; операции по вводу-выводу данных; гибкость; идентифицировать поле и его цели; решение проблем математического характера; сферы научного применения; универсальный язык; включать свойства; уникальные возможности; многофункциональный и самый мощный из языков программирования.
11. Найдите в текстах 1 и 2 слова, близкие по значению
следующим:
Nouns: command; line; characteristic; form; evolution; enumeration; mistake; method; character; manual (instruction); consumption; storage; basics; abbreviation; interpretation; correlation; possibility.
Verbs: include; inform; process; protect; apply; permit; stress; suppose; learn; make up; write; key; explain; define; perfect; advance; decide; execute; demand.
153 Unit 11. Computer Programming
Adjectives: full; incorrect; usual; necessary; accessible; required; considerable; floppy; possible.
12. Переведите условные сложноподчиненные предложе
ния. Обратите внимание на форму выражения разных
типов условия.
I. 1. If you try very hard you can master any language. 2. If
you want to master any language you must know at least three
thousand words. 3. You willimprove your pronunciation if you
read aloud every day. 4. Time will be saved if one uses a com
puter. 5. If you learn all the words of the lesson you will write
your test successfully. 6. If you or I add up two numbers of six
figures without a calculator, it will take us a lot of time.
II. 1. It would be a good thing if you didn't smoke. 2. If the
earth didn't rotate it wouldn't have the shape of a ball. 3. If I
had the time I should help you to solve the problem. But I must
be off. 4.1 should translate the article without difficulty if I knew
English well. 5. If I were in your place I should learn to speak
English fluently. 6. Were you asked to explain why addition is
performed the way it is, you would probably have to think for a
while before answering.
HI. 1.1 decided to stay at home last night. I would have gone out if I hadn't been so tired. 2. Had he not been busy, he wouldn't have missed that conference. 3. Why didn't you phone me yesterday? I would have helped you. 4. If you had attended preliminary courses, you would have passed you examinations more successfully. 5. Had the manager had this information before, he would have acted differently. 6. The binary system is particulary appropriate to the nature of an electric machine; if it had not existed, computer designers would have had to invent it.
13. Выполните перевод следующих текстов письменно по
вариантам.
RPG II Programming language
RPG IIis a business-oriented language. The name stands for report program generator. RPG is considerably different from other programming languages. RPG is, in effect, a large prewritten program. The programmer simply indicates the options within the master program that are to be used and, through a set of indicators, when they are to be used.
Английский язык. Основы компьютерной грамотности 154
RPG was originally referred to as a "quick-and-dirty" programming language. That is, it is quick for the programmer to write and relatively inefficient in its use of main storage and processing speed. The latest version of RPG, called RPG II, greatly improved the language and gave it additional capabilities. RPG has an advantage over COBOL in that it requires less training for a programmer to become proficient in it. For this reason, RPG is commonly used on many smaller computers and in small business.
BASIC is the acronym for beginner's all-purpose symbolic instruction code. It was developed in Dartmouth College as an easy-to-learn programming language for students and inexperienced programmers. Its key design goal is simplicity. BASIC has become a very popular language in systems where many users share the use of a computer through terminals and it has become a universal language for personal computers.
The language BASIC is mathematically oriented, that is, its typical use is to solve problems of a mathematical nature. Because BASIC programs are usually executed from a terminal or microcomputer where input is entered through a keyboard and printed output is relatively slow, problems of a business nature requiring large volumes of input-output data are usually not practical.
3. PASCAL
PASCAL was invented in 1970 by Professor Niklaus Wirth of Zurich, Switzerland. It was named after the mathematician Blaise Pascal, who invented one of the earliest practical calculators. PASCAL is a mathematically oriented programming language and, as such, is most commonly used in mathematics, engineering, and computer science departments of colleges and universities. This language is somewhat unusual in that it was designed to be a structured language. This means that the program must be written in logical modules which are in turn called by a main controlling module. Much of PASCAL'S popularity is due to work done at the University of California at San Diego, where PASCAL has been implemented on several different computers including microcomputers.
155 Unit 11. Computer Programming
14. Прочтите тексты (по вариантам) и составьте рефераты на английском языке.
Языки программирования; блок-схема; кодированная форма; вид, удобочитаемый для компьютера; в соответ¬ствии с набором правил; представить логические шаги программы; таким образом; совершенствовать языки про¬граммирования; машинно-ориентированные языки; про¬блемно-ориентированные языки; обычный термин; язык для программирования экономических задач; обработка информации; операции по вводу-выводу данных; гиб¬кость; идентифицировать поле и его цели; решение проблем математического характера; сферы научного применения; универсальный язык; включать свойства; уникальные воз¬можности; многофункциональный и самый мощный из языков программирования.
Programming languages; block diagram; coded form; computer readable form; in accordance with the rules set by; provide logical steps agenda; in this way; improve languages Pro ¬ grammirovaniâ; machine-oriented languages; Pro-blemno-oriented languages; the usual term; programming language for economic objectives; information processing; operations on i/o data; the flexibility of the bone; identify the field and its purpose; solution of problems of mathematical nature; spheres of scientific applications; universal language; include properties; the unique potential of the who; multifunctional and powerful programming language.
Programming languages; a block diagram; encoded form; kind, readable for the computer; sootvet¬stvii in a set of rules; imagine the logical steps of the program; thus; improve the language pro¬grammirovaniya; machine-oriented languages; pro¬blemno-oriented languages; the usual term; language for programming economic problems; information processing; operation of input-output data; gib¬kost; identify the field and its purpose; problem solving mathematical nature; the scope of scientific applications; a universal language; features include; voz¬mozhnosti unique; versatile and most powerful programming languages.
Programming languages; the block diagram; the coded form; appearance, readability for your computer; in line with the business plan of a set of rules; to submit to logical steps program; thus;To improve languages ABM¬граммирования; machine readable-oriented languages; ABM¬блемно-oriented languages; normal term; programming language for economic challenges; processing of the information.Operations on i/o data; gib¬bone; to identify the field and its purpose; the decision problems mathematical nature; the scientific application of; universal language; to include properties; unique who¬ibilities;The multi-function and the most powerful programming languages.
Языки программирования; блок-схема; кодированная форма; вид,удобочитаемый для компьютера; в соответствии с набором правил; представитьлогические шаги программы; таким образом; совершенствовать языки программирования; машинно-ориентированные языки; проблемно-ориентированныеязыки; обычный термин; язык для программирования экономических задач;обработка информации; операции по вводу-выводу данных; гибкость;идентифицировать поле и его цели; решение проблем математического характера;сферы научного применения; универсальный язык; включать свойства; уникальныевозможности; многофункциональный и самый мощный из языковпрограммирования.
Языки программирования; блок-схема; кодированная форма; вид,
удобочитаемый для компьютера; в соответствии с набором правил; представить
логические Мои шаги программы; таким образом; совершенствовать языки программирования; машинно-ориентированные языки; проблемно-ориентированные
языки; обычный термин; язык для программирования экономических задач;
обработка информации; операции по вводу-выводу данных; гибкость;
идентифицировать поле и его цели; решение проблемы математический характер;
сферы научного применения; универсальный язык; включать свойства; Уникальные
Возможности; и самый многофункциональный из мощных языков Для
программирования.
ЗурабИшвили; "Зенит"; "Зенит"; Вопросы,
Квинси Протоиев; Зинэтула Приволжье; Вопросы
Зураб Ишвили; Зураб Ато. Зураб Ишвили; "Зенит"; Зурабишвили
"Зенит"; ЗурабИшвили; Зинедин Зидан;
ЗурабИшвили; Зураб Церевент; "Зенит";
Зубков; Зингеватов.
Зураб Ишвили; ЗурабИшвили; Зураб Ак.С. Зурабишвили
"Зенит"; Квинси Промдин
Захарченко.
Я люблю тебя, я люблю тебя, я люблю тебя, я люблю тебя!
а) быть в курсе событий, событий, событий, событий, событий, событий, событий, событий;
Г - н Владимир Иванович (Российская Федерация) г - н Владимир Машков (Российская Федерация) г - н Владимир Машков (Российская Федерация)
Я люблю тебя, я люблю тебя, я люблю тебя, я люблю тебя, я люблю тебя, я люблю тебя, я люблю тебя.
О, о, о, о, о, о, о, о, о, о, о, о
а) одинаковые личные права мужа и жены, в том числе право выбора фамилии, профессии и занятия;
Я, я, я, я, я, я, я, я, я, я, я, я, я, я, я.
В, в, в, в, в, в, в, в, в, в
Я люблю тебя, мама.
Языки программирования; блок-схема; кодированная форма; вид, удобочитаемый для компьютера; в соответствии с набором правил; представить логические шаги программы; таким образом; совершенствовать языки программирования; машинно-ориентированные языки; проблемно-ориентированные языки; обычный термин; язык для программирования экономических задач; обработка информации; операции по вводу-выводу данных; гибкость; идентифицировать поле и его цели; решение проблем математического характера; сферы научного применения; универсальный язык; включать свойства; уникальные возможности; многофункциональный и самый мощный из языков программирования.
Programming languages; block diagram; coded form; computer readable form; in accordance with a set of rules; provide logical steps agenda; in this way; improve programming languages; machine-oriented languages; problem-oriented languages; the usual term; programming language for economic objectives; information processing; operations on i/o data; flexibility; identify the field and its purpose; solution of problems of mathematical nature; spheres of scientific applications; universal language; include properties; unique features; multifunctional and powerful programming language.
Programming languages; a block diagram; encoded form; kind, readable for the computer; in accordance with a set of rules; imagine the logical steps of the program; thus; to improve programming languages; machine-oriented languages; problem-oriented languages; the usual term; language for programming economic problems; information processing; operation of input-output data; flexibility; identify the field and its purpose; problem solving mathematical nature; the scope of scientific applications; a universal language; features include; a unique opportunity; versatile and most powerful programming languages.
Programming languages; the block diagram; the coded form; view, readability for your computer; in accordance with a set of rules; to submit to logical steps program; thus;To improve programming languages; machine readable-oriented languages; java-based task-oriented languages; normal term; programming language for economic challenges; processing of the information.The i/o data; flexibility; to identify the field and its purpose; the problems mathematical nature; the scientific application of; universal language; to include properties; unique opportunities;The multi-function and the most powerful programming languages.
gram instructions is called coding. The instructions will be writ- .
ten on a form called a coding form.^The instructions we write ■
will be recorded in a machine-readable form using a keypunch, ;
key-to-tape, or key-to-disk, or entered directly into computer ;
memory through a terminal keyboard.
The computer cannot understand instructions written in just ■ v
any old way. The instructions must be written according to a set !
of rules. These rules are the foundation of a programming Ian- j
guage. A programming language must convey the logical steps ■*
of the program plan in such a way that the control unit of the \
CPU can interpret and follow the instructions. Programming j
languages have improved throughout the years, just as comput- I.
er hardware has improved. They have progressed from machine- \
151_______________________ Unit 11. Computer Programming
oriented languages that use strings of binary Is and 0s to problem-oriented languages that use common mathematical and/or English terms.
There are over 200 problem-oriented languages. The most common of them are COBOL, FORTRAN, PL/I, RPG, BASIC, PASCAL.
COBOL was the most widely used business-oriented programming language. Its name is an acronym for Common Јlisi-ncss-Oriented Zanguage. COBOL was designed to solve problems that are oriented toward data handling and input-output operations. Of course, COBOL can perform arithmetic operations as well, but its greatest flexibility is in data handling. COBOL also was designed as a self-documenting language. Self-documenting languages are those that do not require a great deal of explanation in order to be understood by someone reading the program instructions. The self-documenting aspect of COBOL is made possible by its sentencelike structure and the very generous maximum symbolic field-name length of 30 characters. With a field-name length of up to 30 characters, the name can clearly identify the field and its purpose.
FORTRAN IV
The FORTRAN IVlanguage is oriented toward solving problems of a mathematical nature. The name FORTRAN comes from the combination of the words formula translation. The version of FORTRAN IV has been designed as algebra-based programming language. Any formula or those mathematical relationships that can be expressed algebraically can easily be expressed as a FORTRAN instruction. FORTRAN is the most commonly used language for scientific applications.
PL/I stands for programming language I. It was designed as a general-purpose language incorporating features similar to COBOL for data handling instructions and features similar to FORTRAN for mathematical instructions. PL/I is much more than a combination of the good features of both COBOL and FORTRAN, as it has many capabilities that are unique. Yet, although PL/I is one of the most versatile and the most powerful of the programming languages, it is not the most commonly
Английский язык. Оыюяыквивыотерной грамотности 252
used. COBOL and FORTRAN have been available for a longer period of time than PL/I, and many more users work with those languages.
9. Просмотрите текст еще раз и ответьте на вопросы, ис
пользуя информацию текста.
1. What is the process of writing instructions called? 2. What is a code? 3. How must instructions be written? 4. What is the foundation of any programming language? 5. How was the development of programming languages progressing throughout the years? 6. What are the most common problem-oriented languages? 7. What is COBOL? 8. What functions was COBOL designed for? 9. What does FORTRAN serve for? 10. What capabilities has PL/I?
10. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих
словосочетаний:
Языки программирования; блок-схема; кодированная форма; вид, удобочитаемый для компьютера; в соответствии с набором правил; представить логические шаги программы; таким образом; совершенствовать языки программирования; машинно-ориентированные языки; проблемно-ориентированные языки; обычный термин; язык для программирования экономических задач; обработка информации; операции по вводу-выводу данных; гибкость; идентифицировать поле и его цели; решение проблем математического характера; сферы научного применения; универсальный язык; включать свойства; уникальные возможности; многофункциональный и самый мощный из языков программирования.
11. Найдите в текстах 1 и 2 слова, близкие по значению
следующим:
Nouns: command; line; characteristic; form; evolution; enumeration; mistake; method; character; manual (instruction); consumption; storage; basics; abbreviation; interpretation; correlation; possibility.
Verbs: include; inform; process; protect; apply; permit; stress; suppose; learn; make up; write; key; explain; define; perfect; advance; decide; execute; demand.
153 Unit 11. Computer Programming
Adjectives: full; incorrect; usual; necessary; accessible; required; considerable; floppy; possible.
12. Переведите условные сложноподчиненные предложе
ния. Обратите внимание на форму выражения разных
типов условия.
I. 1. If you try very hard you can master any language. 2. If
you want to master any language you must know at least three
thousand words. 3. You willimprove your pronunciation if you
read aloud every day. 4. Time will be saved if one uses a com
puter. 5. If you learn all the words of the lesson you will write
your test successfully. 6. If you or I add up two numbers of six
figures without a calculator, it will take us a lot of time.
II. 1. It would be a good thing if you didn't smoke. 2. If the
earth didn't rotate it wouldn't have the shape of a ball. 3. If I
had the time I should help you to solve the problem. But I must
be off. 4.1 should translate the article without difficulty if I knew
English well. 5. If I were in your place I should learn to speak
English fluently. 6. Were you asked to explain why addition is
performed the way it is, you would probably have to think for a
while before answering.
HI. 1.1 decided to stay at home last night. I would have gone out if I hadn't been so tired. 2. Had he not been busy, he wouldn't have missed that conference. 3. Why didn't you phone me yesterday? I would have helped you. 4. If you had attended preliminary courses, you would have passed you examinations more successfully. 5. Had the manager had this information before, he would have acted differently. 6. The binary system is particulary appropriate to the nature of an electric machine; if it had not existed, computer designers would have had to invent it.
13. Выполните перевод следующих текстов письменно по
вариантам.
RPG II Programming language
RPG IIis a business-oriented language. The name stands for report program generator. RPG is considerably different from other programming languages. RPG is, in effect, a large prewritten program. The programmer simply indicates the options within the master program that are to be used and, through a set of indicators, when they are to be used.
Английский язык. Основы компьютерной грамотности 154
RPG was originally referred to as a "quick-and-dirty" programming language. That is, it is quick for the programmer to write and relatively inefficient in its use of main storage and processing speed. The latest version of RPG, called RPG II, greatly improved the language and gave it additional capabilities. RPG has an advantage over COBOL in that it requires less training for a programmer to become proficient in it. For this reason, RPG is commonly used on many smaller computers and in small business.
BASIC is the acronym for beginner's all-purpose symbolic instruction code. It was developed in Dartmouth College as an easy-to-learn programming language for students and inexperienced programmers. Its key design goal is simplicity. BASIC has become a very popular language in systems where many users share the use of a computer through terminals and it has become a universal language for personal computers.
The language BASIC is mathematically oriented, that is, its typical use is to solve problems of a mathematical nature. Because BASIC programs are usually executed from a terminal or microcomputer where input is entered through a keyboard and printed output is relatively slow, problems of a business nature requiring large volumes of input-output data are usually not practical.
3. PASCAL
PASCAL was invented in 1970 by Professor Niklaus Wirth of Zurich, Switzerland. It was named after the mathematician Blaise Pascal, who invented one of the earliest practical calculators. PASCAL is a mathematically oriented programming language and, as such, is most commonly used in mathematics, engineering, and computer science departments of colleges and universities. This language is somewhat unusual in that it was designed to be a structured language. This means that the program must be written in logical modules which are in turn called by a main controlling module. Much of PASCAL'S popularity is due to work done at the University of California at San Diego, where PASCAL has been implemented on several different computers including microcomputers.
155 Unit 11. Computer Programming
14. Прочтите тексты (по вариантам) и составьте рефераты на английском языке.
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