В процессе чтения текста заполните таблицу данными о типе компьютера the class of the computer
In 1930 the first analog computer was built by American
named Vannevar Bush. This device was used in World War II to help aim
guns.
Many technical developments of electronic digital comput-
ers took place in the 1940s and 1950s. Mark I, the name given to the
first digital computer, was completed in 1944. The man responsible for
this invention was Professor Howard Aiken. This was the first machine
that could figure out long lists of mathematical problems at a very fast
rate.
In 1946 two engineers at the University of Pennsylvania,
J.Eckert and J.Maushly, built their digital computer with vacuum tubes.
They named their new invention ENIAC (the Electronic Numerical
Integrator and Calculator).
Another important achievement in developing computers
came in 1947, when John von Neumann developed the idea of keeping
instructions for the computer inside the computer's memory. The
contribution of John von Neumann was particularly significant. As
contrasted with Babbage's analytical engine, which was designed to store
only data, von Neumann's machine, called the Electronic Discrete
Variable Computer, or EDVAC, was able to store both data and
instructions. He also contributed to the idea of storing data and
instructions in a binary code that uses only ones and zeros. This
simplified computer design. Thus computers use two conditions, high
voltage, and low voltage, to translate the symbols by which we commu-
nicate into unique combinations of electrical pulses. We refer to these
combinations as codes.
Neumann's stored program computer as well as other ma-
chines of that time were made possible by the invention of the vacuum
tube that could control and amplify electronic signals. Early computers,
using vacuum tubes, could perform computations in thousandths of
seconds, called milliseconds, instead of seconds required by mechanical
devices.
1. When was the first analog computer built? 2. Where and how was
that computer used? 3. When did the first digital computers appear? 4.
Who was the inventor of the first digital computer? 5. What could that
device do? 6. What is ENIAC? Decode the word. 7. What was
J.Neumann's contribution into the development of computers? 8. What
were the advantages of EDVAC in comparison with ENIAC? 9. What
does binary code earn? 10. Due to what invention could the first digital
computers be built?
Давай я переведу, а ты с русским легко справишься) )
Текст:
Первые компьютеры
В 1930 году первый аналоговый компьютер был построен американской
Ванневар имени Буша. Это устройство использовалось во Второй мировой войне, чтобы помочь цель
орудий.
Многие технические разработки электронных цифровых компьютеров -
ERS состоялся в 1940-х и 1950-х. Mark I, имя, данное
первый цифровой компьютер, было завершено в 1944 году. Человек, ответственный за
это изобретение был профессор Говард Айкен . Это была первая машина
, которые могли бы выяснить, длинные списки математических задач в очень быстром
скорость .
В 1946 году два инженера в Университете Пенсильвании,
J.Eckert и J.Maushly, построили свой цифровой вычислительной машины с вакуумными трубками .
Они назвали свое изобретение новых ENIAC ( электронный цифровой
Интегратор и калькулятор) .
Еще одним важным достижением в развитии компьютеров
пришла в 1947 году, когда Джон фон Нейман разработал идею сохранения
Инструкции для компьютера внутри памяти компьютера .
Вклад Джон фон Нейман был особенно значительным. как
контрастирует с аналитическую машину Бэббиджа, который был предназначен для хранения
только данные, машины фон Неймана, называемый Электронный Дискретная
Переменная компьютер или EDVAC, смог сохранить данные и
инструкциям. Он также внес вклад Идея хранения данных и
инструкции в двоичный код, который использует только нулей и единиц. это
Упрощенная компьютерного дизайна . Таким образом, компьютеры используют два условия, высокая
напряжения и низкого напряжения для преобразования символов, которыми мы сооб-
nicate в уникальные комбинации электрических импульсов. Мы называем эти
комбинаций кодов.
Хранимой программы Неймана компьютер, а также другие ма -
скул того времени стало возможным благодаря изобретениювакуумный
трубки, которые могли бы контролировать и усиливать электрические сигналы. В ранних компьютерах ,
электронных лампах, может выполнять вычисления в тысячных долях
секунд, называемых миллисекунд, вместо секунд требуемых механических
устройствами.
Вопросы:
1. Когда был первый аналоговый компьютер построен? 2. Где и как было
, что компьютер используется? 3. Когда первые цифровые вычислительные машины появились? 4.
Кто был изобретателем первого цифрового компьютера? 5. Что бы это могло
Устройство делать? 6. Что такое ENIAC? Расшифруйте слова. 7. Что было
J.Neumann вкладе в развитие компьютеров? 8. что
были преимущества EDVAC по сравнению с ЭНИАК? 9. что
вовсе двоичного кода заработать? 10. Благодаря тому, что изобретение может первых цифровых
компьютеров будет построен?
Small Form Factor computers are very small desktop PCs. They range in size from a shoebox to a paperback book. They are typically placed either horizontally or vertically on a table top in close proximity to a video monitor. SFF computers are capable little machines, but most are not designed to handle computationally intense uses like engineering analysis, video editing or 3D modeling. They generally have limited graphics processing capability and very little RAM. Some SFFs even lack built-in optical drives. The small size of SFF computers limits their flexibility. Electronic components are tightly packed within their cases so there’s little or no room for future expansion.
SFF computers are a perfect match for customers who just want to buy a very simple computer and keep costs as low as possible.
There exist several modifications of the SFF. One variant of the SFF desktop is called a “Nettop” that is primarily designed for Internet use. Like netbooks, Nettops use web based software instead of software installed on the device itself. Another SFF variant is called a “Cube” computer. These shoebox sized units are typically purchased by do-it-yourself computer enthusiasts so they can design or assemble their own system economically. It’s common for highly customized Cubes to outperform all other types of SFF computers. A third variant is called a “Mini”. Their distinguishing feature is their extremely small size. They are usually about the size of a paperback book.
*1 pound = 0,45 kg 1 inch = 2,54 cm
3. While reading the text again fill in the table with the information about the personal computer types. (В процессе чтения текста заполните таблицу данными о моделях персональных компьютеров)
Model | Size | Weight | Specifications | Distinct features | Price | Customer |
Netbook | … | light | - …… - …. | - can access the internet.wirelessly - …… | inexpensive | ….. |
4. Compare the computer types using the table. (Сравните модели компьютеров с помощью таблицы) In your sentences use the structures like: as … as, not so … as, more/less … than, the most/least …. of all
Midsize laptops are less expensive than large-size laptops.
SFF computers are the smallest of all desktops.
5. Find in the text derivatives of the words. Translate the words. (Найдите в тексте однокоренные для данных слов и переведите их): Ex. produce – production - productivity- (un)productive
Analyze the suffixes and prefixes. Which ones are used for forming nouns, adjectives, adverbs, verbs, negative meaning? (Проанализируйте суффиксы и приставки. Какие из них используются для образования существительных, прилагательных, наречий, глаголов, придания слову противоположного значения?)
6. Find in the text English equivalents(Найдите в тексте перевод фраз):
1) в движении 6) в начале/конце списка
2) широкополосное соединение 7) взлеты и падения
3) выделять(ся) 8) быть на высоте
4) высококлассный ноутбук 9) идеально подходить
5) идти рука об руку 10)максимально снижать затраты
7. Match the words with their Russian counterparts (Подберите соответствующий перевод к словам)
A. 1) desktop PC a) планшет/грифельная доска
2) tower model PC b) моноблок
3) all-in one PC c) сверхлегкий компьютер
4) SFF PC d) «настольный» стационарный компьютер
5) ultraportable PC e) технические характеристики
6) slate f) техобслуживание
7) convertible g) компактный компьютер
8) maintenance h) корпус
9) specs i) «башенный» системный блок
10) chassis j) трансформер
B. 1) access a) привлекать
2) rely b)оснащать
3) factor c) подключаться
4) appeal d) справляться с
5) handle e) зависеть
6) customize f) настраивать
7) outfit g) учитывать
C. 1) pivot a) адаптировать
2) mount b) собирать
3) tailor c) заменить
4) swap out d) устанавливать
5) render e) воспроизводить
6) assemble f) превосходить
7) outperform g) вращаться
8. Write out from the text the phrases that contain the following words(Выпишите из текста словосочетания с данными словами):
Ex. feature - distinguishing feature - networking and security features – the feature distinguishes/ sets apart
9. Fill in the gaps with the words from the box (Заполните пропуски словами из рамки)
maintenance notebook convertible tower model slate desktop model specs ultrabooks slots chassis |
1. Every computer system requires at least one ….…… to house the circuit boards and wiring.
2. The case also contains …….. for expansion boards.
3. ……….. is a computer designed to fit comfortably on top of a desk, typically with the monitor sitting on top of the computer.
4. Desktop model computers are broad and low, whereas ….…. computers are narrow and tall.
5. …………. are laptops that are extremely thin (less than 20 millimeters) and lightweight along with long battery life, near instant-on and instant-resume capabilities, and fast storage, typically via SSDs, all in a sub $1,000 package.
6. ………. computers cost about twice as much as equivalent regular-sized computers.
7. The article compares the ……….. of ten of the best-selling cars.
8. ……… is a small computer with a screen that you can write on using a special pen
9. The network will be down for an hour for routine ………….. .
10. In today's internet-everywhere world, you need to be able to work wherever you are. That's why you need a ………… (2 in 1) computer.
Grammar Focus
10. Put the words from the box in the correct form, define the verbs’ tense and voice (поставьте слова в подходящую форму, определите время и залог глаголов)
outperform assemble customize mount render handle |
1. Several IT companies in India spend their time …………… software to suit the requirements of their clients.
2. The customer services department ………. any customer complaints.
3. The company has consistently ……………. its rivals this season.
4. The surveillance camera is ………….. above the main door.
5. Graphics chips ……………… images by breaking them into small pieces called polygons.
6. My new machine is being …………….. and my old one dismantled.
11. Fill in the necessary prepositions (Вставьте необходимые предлоги).
Define the verbs’ tense and voice (определите время и залог глаголов).
1. The ambulances have all been outfitted …….. new radios.
2. People are earning more, but when inflation is factored ……, they are no better off.
3. I swapped the memory card ………. for a newer one.
4. We tailor any of our products …… your company's specific needs.
5. His argument will pivot …… the growing cost of legal fees.
6. You cannot access … the database without a valid password.
7. It's a programme that is designed to appeal mainly …. 16 to 25-year-olds.
8. What set her ………. from the other candidates for the job was that she had a lot of original ideas.
9. These computer games rely …….. 3D graphics.
12. Match the picture with the computer type (Соотнесите изображение с названием модели компьютера)
Tablet Small Form Factor Ultraportable Netbook Tower Model Large-size Laptop All-In-One Desktop Model Mid-size Laptop |
1 2 3 4 5 |
6 7 8 9 |
Text 6.
1. Scan the texts and match the definitions with the computer types (Просмотрите тексты и соотнесите определения с разновидностями компьютеров)
Supercomputeris the fastest type of computer. Supercomputers are very expensive and are employed for specialized applications that require immense amounts of mathematical calculations. For example, weather forecasting requires a supercomputer. Other uses of supercomputers include animated graphics, fluid dynamic calculations, nuclear energy research, and petroleum exploration.
The chief difference between a supercomputer and a mainframe is that a supercomputer channels all its power into executing a few programs as fast as possible, whereas a mainframe uses its power to execute many programs concurrently.
Mainframeis a very large and expensive computer capable of supporting hundreds, or even thousands, of connected users simultaneously. In the hierarchy that starts with a simple microprocessor (in watches, for example) at the bottom and moves to supercomputers at the top, mainframes are just below supercomputers. In some ways, mainframes are more powerful than supercomputers because they support more simultaneous programs. But supercomputers can execute a single program faster than a mainframe. The distinction between small mainframes and minicomputers is vague, depending really on how the manufacturer wants to market its machines.
Minicomputeris a midsized computer. In size and power, minicomputers lie between workstations and mainframes. In the past decade, the distinction between large minicomputers and small mainframes has blurred, however, as has the distinction between small minicomputers and workstations. But in general, a minicomputer is a multiprocessing system capable of supporting from 4 to about 200 users simultaneously.
The term microcomputer is generally synonymous with personal computer (PC), or a computer that depends on a microprocessor. Microcomputers are designed to be used by individuals, whether in the form of PCs, workstations or notebook computers. A microcomputer contains a central processing unit (CPU) on a microchip (the microprocessor), a memory system (typically read-only memory (ROM) and random access memory (RAM)), a bus system and I/O ports, typically housed in a motherboard.
Workstation is a computer intended for individual use that is faster and more capable than a personal computer. It's intendedfor business or professional use (rather than home or recreational use). Workstations and applications designed for them are used by small engineering companies, architects, graphic designers, and any organization, department, or individual that requires a faster microprocessor, a large amount of random access memory, and special features such as high-speed graphics adapters. Historically, the workstation developed technologically about the same time and for the same audience as the UNIX operating system, which is often used as the workstation operating system. Among the most successful makers of this kind of workstation are Sun Microsystems, Hewlett-Packard, DEC, and IBM.
PDAis short for personal digital assistant, is a handheld device that combines computing, telephone/fax, Internet and networking features. A typical PDA can function as a cellular phone, fax sender, Web browser and personal organizer. PDAs may also be referred to as a palmtop, hand-held computer or pocket computer.
Unlike portable computers, most PDAs began as pen-based, using a stylus rather than a keyboard for input. This means that they also incorporated handwriting recognitionfeatures. Some PDAs can also react to voice input by using voice recognition technologies. PDAs are available in either a stylus or keyboard version.
Apple Computer, which introduced the Newton MessagePad in 1993, was one of the first companies to offer PDAs. Shortly thereafter, several other manufacturers offered similar products. One of the most popular brands of PDAs was the series of Palm Pilots from Palm, Inc.
As technology changed the world of mobile devices, the PDA has become obsolete as devices like touch-screen smartphones and tablets grow in popularity. Many of the original manufacturers of PDAs eventually entered the smartphone and tablet market, or were bought out by larger companies. For example, Palm was purchased by HP and the operating system was used in a line of early HP TouchPads.
Vocabulary Focus
3. Match the synonyms and their Russian equivalents (Соотнесите синонимы и их перевод)
1. need a. capable одновременный
2. huge b. direct устаревший
3. perform с. require огромный
4. concurrent d. obsolete смутный
5. channel e. vague выполнять
6. able f. immense требоваться
7. outmoded g. simultaneous способный
8. blurred h. execute направлять
4. Fill in the gaps with the words from the previous exercise (Заполните пропуски словами из предыдущего упражнения):
1. Please call this number if you _______ any further information.
2. A lot of money has been ___________ into research in that particular field.
3. We need to get an assistant who's __________ and efficient.
4. Their report is deliberately _______ on future economic prospects
5. Gas lamps became __________ when electric lighting was invented.
6. The exhibition reflected _____________ developments abroad.
7. I have a python script that needs to __________ an external program, but for some reason fails.
5. Translate using the vocabulary of the text:
1. Универсальная ЭВМ
2. Рабочая станция /дисплейный терминал
3. Персональный цифровой ассистент
4. Карманный/ручной компьютер
5. компьютер с перьевым вводом данных
6. За последние годы стерлось различие между большим миникомпьютером и небольшой универсальной ЭВМ.
7. Персональный компьютер предназначен для работы и отдыха.
Grammar Focus
6. Put the words in the brackets in the correct form (Поставьте слова в скобках в правильной форме)
1. Supercomputer is the (fast) and (expensive) type of computer.
2. Mainframes are (expensive) than supercomputers.
3. Supercomputers are (good) at executing a few programs as fast as possible, whereas mainframes are (good) at executing many programs concurrently.
4. In some ways, mainframes are (powerful) than supercomputers because they support (many) simultaneous programs.
5. But supercomputers can execute a single program (fast) than a mainframe.
6. Minicomputers are (powerful) than workstations but (powerful) than mainframes.
7. Minicomputers are (small) than mainframes but (big) than workstations.
8. Large minicomputers are as powerful (as/ than) small mainframes.
9. Workstations are not (so/more) powerful as small mainframes.
10. A workstation has a (fast) microprocessor, a (large) amount of RAM than a PC.
11. PDA is (small) of the devices mentioned in the text.
Comprehension
7. In the text find the answers to the questions (Найдите в тексте ответы на вопросы) :
Which of the devices …
1) is capable of supporting 300-3000 users simultaneously?
2) is intended for business or professional use?
3) can function as a cellular phone?
4) is used for animated graphics?
5) incorporates handwriting recognitionfeatures?
6) is used by small engineering companies?
7) is capable of supporting 15-150 users simultaneously?
8) is employed for specialized applications that require immense amounts of mathematical calculations?
1. Read the title and guess what the text is about.(Прочтите заглавие и скажите, о чём (ком) будет идти речь в данном тексте).
2. Match the words with their definitions.(Соедините слова с определениями).
1. A device that is easily carried or moved, especially because it is of a lighter and smaller version than usual 2. A type of computer that is small enough to fit on the top of a desk 3. Tools, machinery, and other durable equipment 4. Devices that are able to be attached to and used with a computer, though not an integral part of it. 5. People who purchase goods and services for personal use 6. A person or company that makes goods for sale. | a. a desktop b. hardware c. peripherals d. consumers e. manufacturers f. a portable computer |
WHAT IS A LAPTOP COMPUTER?
A laptop is a small, portable computer, small enough to sit on your lap. Nowadays, laptop computers are more frequently called notebook computers, though technically laptops are somewhat larger in size than notebooks, in both thickness and weight.
The laptop was originally designed to be similar to a desktop, but small and light enough to be used sitting in your lap. For this reason, years ago, a laptop hadmore features than notebooks did, but the tradeoff was largerandheavier than a notebook. This is because the notebook style of portable computers was for mobility, not portability. To be a more mobile device, the notebook was a thinner design and it weighed less than the laptop, simply because it didn't come packed with features and multiple devices and drives.
Years ago, notebook computers had a smaller display than a laptop, fewer internal drives (hard drive, floppy or CD-ROM - depending on the year manufactured), and the sound, modem, and such would be integrated - not separate upgradable hardware devices. Laptops were considered to be desktop replacements; portable computers with features, functions, and options comparable to your desktop computer.
So while there technically is a difference between the two and that is the size and weight of the device (which in turn impacts the system's features) today there is even less of a difference between the two since technology advancements means that most common computer devices and peripherals are much smaller now.
Today technology allows devices to be slimmer, smaller and better for mobile computing by design, so the size of portable computers (both in thickness and weight) is decreasing. For this reason, options that once defined the difference between a laptop and notebook computer are separated by a small, almost invisible fine line today.
Another reason the term laptop is becoming less frequently used is because a portable "comparable to desktop" system today could easily lead to heat discomfort and possible injury if left in your lap for extended periods of time. By calling a laptop a notebook, it also removes the association that the portable device is well-suited to being used only on your lap. Another reason that the term laptop does not fit in with today's technology is that these traditionally heavierportable computers that once were clearly a laptop are just not made anymore.
Consumers frequently call their notebook a laptop and use the two words interchangeably. However, many mobile computing manufacturers have actually dropped the term laptop completely from their product lineup in favor of the term notebook.
3. Read the text, divide it into logical parts and decide on the title for each part.(Прочтите текст, разделите его на смысловые части, подберите названия к каждой из них)
Grammar Focus
4. Fill in the table with appropriate forms of the adjectives.(Заполните таблицу соответствующими формами прилагательных).
Прилагательные в положительной степени large/complicated | Прилагательные в сравнительной степени larger/more complicated | Прилагательные в превосходной степени the largest/the most complicated |
less | ||
smaller | ||
modern | ||
expensive | ||
slimmer | ||
the most common | ||
better | ||
heavier | ||
larger | ||
more frequent | ||
less frequent | ||
more mobile |
5. Fill in the table with the verbs from the text.(Выпишите из текста все глаголы и заполните таблицы).
Вспомогательные глаголы | Смысловые глаголы |
Глаголы в видовременной форме Present Simple | Глаголы в видовременной форме Past Simple |
Правильные глаголы | Неправильные глаголы |
6. Put special questions to the sentences.(Поставьте специальные вопросы к предложениям):
1. Years ago notebook computers had a smaller display than a laptop.
2. A laptop is a small, portable computer, small enough to sit on your lap.
3. Today technology allows devices to be slimmer, smaller and better for mobile computing by design, so the size of portable computers (both in thickness and weight) is decreasing.
4. To be a more mobile device, the notebook was a thinner design and it weighed less than the laptop, simply because it didn't come packed with features and multiple devices and drives.
5. Many mobile computing manufacturers have actually dropped the term laptop completely from their product lineup in favor of the term notebook.
ТЕКСТ
Computer is one of the inventions of the 20th century that changed the
world greatly. The first computers of the 1940s were enormous. But now they are
almost in every family and in every office building.
Most machines do only one job, some are multifunctional (e.g. a TV set ++
DVD player). But no device is as multifunctional as computer. The parts of the
machine (or its hardware) remain the same, you change only the program
(software) and your computer immediately learns to do various things. A browser
program is designed to look at pages on the Internet (you can also say to browse,
this accounts for the word browser). A word processor program lets you to print
text and then change styles оf fonts and sizes of pages. A database program is
used for searching and sorting records. Such program is used in shops, libraries,
hospitals, accountant offices, and so on. They make work with great amounts of
data much quicker.
Computers are found everywhere and used in every sphere of life. In a plant
one can make a computer model of a car or plane and check its resistance to
stress. Such calculations without a computer could have taken several months.
Computer is used at educational institutions: students watch films, presentations
and web pages. This helps them to study effectively.
Computers also have some disadvantages. There is a famous joke that
computers are designed to solve problems but half of the time they are the
problem. As computer is a complicated device, one small breakage may stop its
work. Moreover, the equipment is soon out of date.
Besides, there is a problem of compatibility. First of all, there are hardware
devices which can't work with the old operating systems, such as a processor, a
hard disk drive, a video card, etc. Then, there are programs which need more
resources than computer actually has.23
Thirdly, computers become more and more complicated, and much effort is
required to learn how to work with them. Fourthly, computer viruses cause a lot
of trouble — they can spoil, remove or steal computer data, and every user
knows it well from his experience.
And on top of all, computer is a multifunctional device, as we already
know, so it can be used both to do work and to entertain oneself. Children often
fall prey to computer and Internet: they play computer games, spend their free
time chatting with friends on the Internet and doing practically nothing. This
aspect can't be denied.
To crown it all, computer is a good device like many others, designed to
help people. But it's our own free will that lets us use it in order not to waste time
but to get best results.
--------------------------------------------
ЗАДАНИЯ
2)
1. breakage
2. multifunctional
3. database
4. disk drive
5. software, skills, fix
6. processor
7. viruses, data
9. entertain
10. calculations
3.
1. The first computers of the 1940s were enormous.
2. A browser program is designed to look at pages on the Internet
3. A word processor program lets you to print text and then change styles оf fonts and sizes of pages
4. database program is used for searching and sorting records.
5. In a plant one can make a computer model of a car or plane and check its resistance to stress.
6. students watch films, presentations and web pages. This helps them to study effectively.
7. are designed to solve problems but half of the time they are the problem.
8. there is a problem of compatibility. First of all, there are hardware
devices which can't work with the old operating systems, such as a processor, a
hard disk drive, a video card, etc. Then, there are programs which need more
resources than computer actually has.23
9. computers become more and more complicated, and much effort is required to learn how to work with them.
10. computer viruses cause a lot of trouble — they can spoil, remove or steal computer data, and every user knows it well from his experience.
11. Children often fall prey to computer and Internet: they play computer games, spend their free time chatting with friends on the Internet and doing practically nothing.
12. it's our own free will that lets us use it in order not to waste time but to get best results.
Читайте также: